Wiki obsahuje ďalšie informácie na túto tému.
Debianu 7.0 predstavuje dve nové architektúry:
s390x, 64-bitový port pre stroje IBM System z, ktorý má nahradiť s390.
armhf, alternatíva k armel pre stroje ARMv7 s hardvérovým FPU. Veľa moderných dosiek a zariadení ARM sa dodáva s jednotkou s pohyblivou desatinnou čiarkou (FPU), ale starší port Debianu armel ju veľmi nevuyžíva. Port armhf bol založený, aby zlepšil túto situáciu a tiež využil ďalších vlastností novších CPU architektúry ARM. Port Debianu armhf vyžaduje minimálne CPU ARMv7 s Thumb-2 a koprocesorom VFP3D16.
Debian wheezy oficiálne podporuje nasledovné architektúry:
32-bitové PC („i386“)
SPARC („sparc“)
PowerPC („powerpc“)
MIPS („mips“ (big-endian) a „mipsel“ (little-endian))
Intel Itanium („ia64“)
S/390 („s390“)
64-bitové PC („amd64“)
ARM EABI („armel“)
ARMv7 (EABI hard-float ABI, „armhf“)
IBM System z („s390x“)
Okrem oficiálne podporovaných architektúr prináša Debian Squeeze porty GNU/kFreeBSD („kfreebsd-amd64“ a „kfreebsd-i386“) ako ukážku technológie. Tieto porty sú vôbec prvé porty vo vydaní Debianu, ktoré nie sú založené na linuxovom jadre, ale namiesto neho používajú jadro FreeBSD s používateľským priestorom GNU. Používatelia týchto verzií by však mali byť upozornení na to, že kvalita týchto portov ešte stále dobieha vynikajúcu kvalitu našich linuxových portov, a že niektoré pokročilé funkcie pracovných prostredí zatiaľ nie sú podporované. Ale podpora bežného serverového softvéru je silná a rozširuje schopnosti verzií Debianu založených na Linuxe o jedinečné vlastnosti známe zo sveta BSD. Toto je prvýkrát vôbec, čo linuxová distribúcia umožnila použitie nelinuxového jadra.
Viac o stave portov a informácie špecifické pre vašu architektúru sa dočítate na stránkach portov Debianu.
Toto nové vydanie Debianu opäť prináša omnoho viac softvéru ako jeho predchodca squeeze; distribúcia obsahuje viac ako 12800 nových balíkov, čo je celkovo viac ako 37493 balíkov. Väčšina softvéru v distribúcii bola aktualizovaná: viac ako 20160 softvérových balíkov (to predstavuje 70 % všetkých balíkov v squeeze). Rovnako bolo z rôznych dôvodov z distribúcie odstránené významné množstvo balíkov (viac ako 4125, 14 % balíkov v squeeze). Neuvidíte žiadne aktualizácie týchto balíkov a v systémoch na správu balíkov budú označené ako „zastaralé“.
V tomto vydaní prináša Debian aktualizáciu X.Org 7.5 na X.Org 7.7.
Debian sa znova dodáva s niekoľkými pracovnými prostrediami a aplikáciami. Okrem iných teraz obsahuje pracovné prostredia GNOME 3.4, KDE 4.8.4, Xfce 4.8 a LXDE.
Kancelárske aplikácie tiež boli aktualizované, vrátane kancelárskych balíkov:
Medzi aktualizácie používateľských aplikácií patria
Evolution 3.4 a
Pidgin 2.10. Balík
Mozilla bol tiež
aktualizovaný: iceweasel
(verzia 10 ESR) je webový prehliadač
Firefox
zbavený brandingu a icedove
(verzia 10) je klient elektronickej pošty
Thunderbird
zbavený brandingu.
Okrem množstva ďalších obsahuje toto vydanie aj nasledovné aktualizácie softvéru:
Debian podporuje Linux Standard Base (LSB) verzie 4.1, s jednou explicitnou odchýlkou od špecifikácie LSB 4.1 špecifickou pre Debian: neobsahuje Qt3.
Oficálna distribúcia Debian sa teraz dodáva na 8 až 9 binárnych
DVD alebo
61 až 69 binárnych CD
(v závislosti od architektúry)
a 6 zdrojových DVD alebo 46 zdrojových
CD. Naviac je k dispozícii
multi-arch DVD s podmnožinou vydania
pre architektúry amd64 a i386 so
zdrojovým kódom. Debian je tiež vydaný na obrazoch Blu-ray
, po 2 pre architektúry
amd64 a i386 alebo jedno so zdrojovým
kódom. Z dôvodov veľkosti boli zo zostavení na CD
vynechané niektoré veľmi veľké balíky; tieto balíky sa viac hodia na
zostavenia DVD a BD, takže tie ich
stále obsahujú.
Multiarch je nová vlastnosť v Debian 7.0. Multiarch vám umožní inštalovať balíky z viacerých architektúr na rovnakom stroji. To je užitočné rôznymi spôsobmi, ale najčastejší prípad použitia je inštalácia 64 a 32-bitového softvéru na rovnakom stroji s tým, že sú závislosti automaticky správne vyriešené. Debian Wiki má rozsiahly manuál venovaný tomu ako využiť túto funkciu, ak ju budete potrebovať.
Balík ia32-libs je teraz prechodný
balík, ktorý využíva novú funkciu multiarch. Ak máte balík ia32-libs nainštalovaný, pozrite si aké zvláštne
kroky máte vykonať: Oddiel 4.5.2, “Prechod z ia32-libs na multiarch”.
Postupnosť zavádzania založená na závislostiach bola predstavené v Debian
6.0 teraz je vždy zapnutá pre všetkých, vrátane používateľov
file-rc.
Na dosiahnutie optimálneho poradia by mali všetky skripty v init.d vyhlásiť svoje závislosti v hlavičke LSB. To už robia všetky skripty, ktoré sa v Debiane dodávajú, ale používatelia by mali skontrolovať svoje lokálne skripty a zvážiť pridanie týchto informácií.
Ďalšie informácie o tejto vlastnosti nájdete v súbore
/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian.
Debian 7.0 predstavuje predbežnú podporu pre systemd, init systém s pokročilým monitorovaním, protokolovaním a schopnosťou správy služieb.
While it is designed as a drop-in sysvinit replacement and as such makes use of
existing SysV init scripts, the systemd package can be installed safely
alongside sysvinit and started via
the init=/bin/systemd kernel option. To utilize the
features provided by systemd, about 50 packages already provide native
support, among them core packages like udev, dbus and rsyslog.
systemd is shipped as a technology preview in Debian 7.0. For more information on this topic, see the Debian wiki.
Debian wheezy comes with improved multimedia support: ffmpeg has been replaced by the libav fork
(libav-tools), which is considered
to feature a more conservative release process and thus fit better to
Debian's needs. It provides all libraries and prepares an upgrade path for
existing application packages. The full-featured libav libraries and
frontends include e.g. mplayer,
mencoder, vlc and
transcode. Additional codec support is provided e.g.
through lame for MP3 audio encoding,
xvidcore for MPEG-4 ASP video encoding,
x264 for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video encoding,
vo-aacenc for AAC audio encoding and
opencore-amr and vo-amrwbenc for
Adaptive Multi-Rate Narrowband and Wideband encoding and decoding,
respectively. For most use cases, installation of packages from third-party
repositories should not be necessary anymore. The times of crippled
multimedia support in Debian are finally over!
Many Debian packages have now been built with gcc compiler hardening flags enabled. These
flags enable various protections against security issues such as stack
smashing, predictable locations of values in memory, etc. An effort has
been made to ensure that as many packages as possible include these flags,
especially focusing on those in the 'base'-installation, network-accessible
daemons and packages which have had security issues in recent years.
Note that the hardened build flags are not enabled by default in gcc, so are not used automatically when locally
building software. The package hardening-wrapper can provide a
gcc with these flags enabled.
Debian 7.0 supports the AppArmor Mandatory Access Control system. When enabled, AppArmor confines programs according to a set of rules that specify what files a given program can access. This proactive approach helps protecting the system against both known and unknown vulnerabilities.
AppArmor is disabled by default in Debian 7.0. The Debian wiki has instructions on how to use this functionality.
Note that this replaces the functionality previously provided by the backports.debian.org archive.
In order to use packages from wheezy-backports,
you can add an entry to your sources.list:
deb http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian wheezy-backports main contrib deb-src http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian wheezy-backports main contrib
The next time you run apt-get update, the system will
become aware of the packages in the
wheezy-backports section and they will be
available for installation in the same way as the old backports.debian.org
archive.
When a new package is made available via
wheezy-backports to fix a security issue, this
will be announced on the debian-backports-announce
mailing list.
Niektoré balíky z proposed-updates môžu byť tiež
sprístupnené mechanizmom wheezy-updates. Táto
cesta sa použije pri aktualizáciách, ktoré si mnohí používatelia želajú
nainštalovať na svoje systémy pred vydaním ďalšej aktualizácie stabilnej
vetvy (point release), ako aktualizácie antivírusov a údajov časových
pásiem. Všetky balíky z wheezy-updates budú
zahrnuté v nasledovných point releases.
Ak chcete používať balíky z wheezy-updates, môžete
pridať záznam do svojho súboru sources.list:
deb http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian wheezy-updates main contrib deb-src http://mirrors.kernel.org/debian wheezy-updates main contrib
Pri najbližšom spustení aptitude update si systém uvedomí
prítomnosť balíkov v sekcii wheezy-updates a vezme
ich do úvahy, keď bude hľadať balíky, ktoré sa budú aktualizovať.
Note that if APT::Default-Release is set in your
/etc/apt/apt.conf (or in any of
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/*), then, in order for automatic
upgrades to work, it is necessary to add the following configuration block
into /etc/apt/preferences (see
apt_preferences(5) for more information):
Package: * Pin: release o=Debian,n=wheezy-updates Pin-Priority: 990
Sprístupnenie nového balíka prostredníctvom
wheezy-updates bude ohlásené v poštovej
konferencii debian-stable-announce.
GNOME has undergone a major interface rewrite in the upgrade to version 3.4. The traditional GNOME panel has been replaced by the “shell”, an innovative interface with major usability improvements.
Among other things, it features dynamic workspaces, an on-screen keyboard (Caribou), instant messaging built into the interface, and integration with the GNOME keyring and PolicyKit.
If you want to keep an interface closer to the GNOME 2.30 version in wheezy, you can select the “GNOME Classic” session at the login prompt. It will bring you an improved version of the traditional panel. You can still edit the panel to add more applets, by using the hidden alt+right click combination.
If your hardware is not compatible with the GNOME shell's requirements, you will also be redirected to the “classic” interface.
Sushi is a new previewing application. Just press the space key on a file in the file manager, and enjoy.
The Tracker indexing tool is now part of the GNOME desktop. After your first login, it will index your desktop, and is now available as the default search tool. It is also the key to the new GNOME documents tool to manage your recently used documents.
Audio and mixing applications now require the PulseAudio sound daemon, which provides per-application mixing.
The help system has been entirely redesigned, with a new documentation format.
GNOME boxes is a tool to handle your virtual machines, integrated to the shell and using QEMU/KVM.
Some other new applications: GNOME contacts, GNOME online accounts, GNOME PackageKit, GNOME color manager, Rygel.
Ekiga is no longer part of GNOME. Many of its features are now available in Empathy.
Most technologies underlying GNOME are still here: the D-Bus messaging system, the PolicyKit permissions manager, the GStreamer multimedia system, the gvfs virtual file system, the MIME system, the ConsoleKit, udisks and upower interfaces to hardware management; all are kept without major changes.
However, the underlying configuration system to GNOME has undergone a major evolution, from GConf to a new system named GSettings, which is much faster and more versatile. The settings can be browsed or edited using the (recommended) gsettings command-line tool, or the dconf-editor graphical tool. The GConf system is still available for third-party applications that use it.
Most settings are migrated upon upgrade, but for technical and conceptual reasons, a selected number of settings are not:
default session and language (now managed by the accountsservice daemon);
desktop wallpaper;
default GTK+ theme (none of the previous themes exist anymore);
panel and applets configuration (applets now use relative positioning);
default browser and mailer (the settings are now part of the MIME system
through x-scheme-handler/* types).
The GNOME display manager (gdm3)
has undergone a major evolution together with the desktop. The primary
change is that settings for the login prompt have been migrated to GSettings
as well. The configuration file has changed to greeter.gsettings and
settings are not preserved. This only affects interface settings; daemon
settings are still in the same place.
The legacy GDM 2.20 package is no longer available; most of its former features are now available in GDM 3.x.
GNOME now features online connectivity awareness, with several applications and the GNOME shell using NetworkManager. This enables support for IPv6 and a wide range of other networking technologies, such as VPNs, wireless and 3G.
GNOME users are strongly advised to use NetworkManager for network connectivity; the GNOME components work best with NetworkManager. If you are planning on using another network management daemon instead (such as wicd-daemon), please see Section Oddiel 5.6, “NetworkManager”.
Debian 7.0 includes the OpenStack suite as well as the Xen Cloud Platform (XCP), allowing users to deploy their own cloud infrastructure.
Debian images are also provided on the major public cloud platforms, including Amazon EC2, Windows Azure and Google Compute Engine.
In previous releases, temporary (tmpfs) filesystems were
mounted on /lib/init/rw, /dev/shm/ and optionally on /var/lock and /var/run. /lib/init/rw has been removed, and the others
have been moved under /run.
/var/run and /var/lock were configured using
RAMRUN and RAMLOCK in
/etc/default/rcS. All these tmpfs
filesystems are now configurable using
/etc/default/tmpfs; the old settings are not migrated
automatically.
| Old location | New location | Old setting | New setting |
|---|---|---|---|
/etc/default/rcS | /etc/default/tmpfs | ||
/lib/init/rw | /run | N/A | N/A |
/var/run | /run | RAMRUN | N/A |
/var/lock | /run/lock | RAMLOCK | RAMLOCK |
/dev/shm | /run/shm | N/A | RAMSHM |
| N/A | /tmp | N/A | RAMTMP |
The migration of data to the new locations will occur automatically during
the upgrade and will continue to be available at the old and new locations,
with the exception of /lib/init/rw.
No action is required on your part, though you may wish to customize which
tmpfs filesystems are mounted, and their size limits, in
/etc/default/tmpfs after the upgrade is complete.
Please see the tmpfs(5) manual page for further details.
If you have written any custom scripts which make use of /lib/init/rw, these must be updated to use
/run instead.
/tmp is not a
tmpfs by default. If you chose to use this feature,
please note that:
the contents of /tmp are not
preserved across reboots; /var/tmp
exists for this purpose;
the maximum size of /tmp may
(depending upon your specific system) be smaller than before. If you find
that there is insufficient free space, it is possible to increase the size
limits; see tmpfs(5).
Applications which create excessively large temporary files may cause
/tmp to run out of free space. It
should be possible to configure a different location for those files by
setting the TMPDIR environment variable.
If desired, the defaults may also be overridden with an entry in
/etc/fstab, for example:
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs nodev,nosuid,size=20%,mode=1777 0 0