4.3. Подготовка файлов для загрузки с карты памяти USB

4.3. Подготовка файлов для загрузки с карты памяти USB
	Глава 4. Получение носителя с дистрибутивом

To prepare the USB stick, we recommend to use a system where GNU/Linux is already running and where USB is supported. With current GNU/Linux systems the USB stick should be automatically recognized when you insert it. If it is not you should check that the usb-storage kernel module is loaded. When the USB stick is inserted, it will be mapped to a device named /dev/sdX, where the «X» is a letter in the range a-z. You should be able to see to which device the USB stick was mapped by running the command lsblk before and after inserting it. (The output of dmesg (as root) is another possible method for that.) To write to your stick, you may have to turn off its write protection switch.

	Предупреждение
	The procedures described in this section will destroy anything already on the device! Make very sure that you use the correct device name for your USB stick. If you use the wrong device the result could be that all information on, for example, a hard disk is lost.

4.3.1. Preparing a USB stick using a hybrid CD/DVD image

Debian installation images for this architecture are created using the isohybrid technology; that means they can be written directly to a USB stick, which is a very easy way to make an installation media. Simply choose an image (such as the netinst, CD or DVD-1) that will fit on your USB stick. See Раздел 4.1, «Official Debian GNU/Linux installation images» to get an installation image.

Также, для очень маленьких карт памяти USB, с размером в несколько мегабайт, вы можете скачать образ mini.iso из каталога netboot (по ссылке, упомянутой в Раздел 4.2.1, «Where to Find Installation Files»).

The installation image you choose should be written directly to the USB stick, overwriting its current contents. For example, when using an existing GNU/Linux system, the image file can be written to a USB stick as follows, after having made sure that the stick is unmounted:

# cp debian.iso /dev/sdX
# sync

Information about how to do this on other operating systems can be found in the Debian CD FAQ.

	Важно
	Образ должен быть записан на устройство, представляющее весь диск, а не отдельный раздел, например /dev/sdb, а не /dev/sdb1. Не используйте программы типа unetbootin, которые изменяют образ.

	Важно
	Simply writing the installation image to USB like this should work fine for most users. The other options below are more complex, mainly for people with specialised needs.

Гибридный образ занимает не всё место на карте, поэтому свободное пространство можно использовать для хранения файлов микропрограмм, пакетов или любых других ваших файлов. Это полезно, когда у вас есть только одна карта, или вы хотите сохранить всё необходимое на одном устройстве.

To do so, use cfdisk or any other partitioning tool to create an additional partition on the stick. Then create a (FAT) filesystem on the partition, mount it and copy or unpack the firmware onto it, for example with:

# mkdosfs -n FIRMWARE /dev/sdX3
# mount /dev/sdX3 /mnt
# cd /mnt
# tar zxvf /path/to/firmware.tar.gz
# cd /
# umount /mnt

Take care that you use the correct device name for your USB stick. The mkdosfs command is contained in the dosfstools Debian package.

	Примечание
	If you have chosen the `mini.iso` to be written to the USB stick, the second partition doesn't have to be created, as - very nicely - it will already be present. Unplugging and replugging the USB stick should make the two partitions visible.


4.2. Скачивание файлов с серверов-зеркал Debian		4.4. Подготовка файлов для загрузки по TFTP