3.3. Thông tin cần thiết

3.3.1. Tài liệu hướng dẫn

3.3.1.1. Sổ tay cài đặt

Tài liệu này, phiên bản chính thức của Sổ Tay Cài Đặt bản phát hành bullseye của Debian, được công bố bằng nhiều dạng thức và bản dịch khác nhau.

3.3.1.2. Tài liệu hướng dẫn về phần cứng

Thường chứa thông tin có ích về cách cấu hình hay sử dụng phần cứng.

3.3.2. Tìm nguồn thông tin về phần cứng

Trong nhiều trường hợp, trình cài đặt sẽ có khả năng phát hiện tự động phần cứng riêng của bạn. Để chuẩn bị được, khuyên bạn quen với phần cứng đó trước khi cài đặt.

Có thể tập hợp thông tin về phần cứng từ :

  • Sổ tay có sẵn với mỗi phần cứng.

  • The BIOS/UEFI setup screens of your computer. You can view these screens when you start your computer by pressing a combination of keys. Check your manual for the combination. Often, it is the Delete or the F2 key, but some manufacturers use other keys or key combinations. Usually upon starting the computer there will be a message stating which key to press to enter the setup screen.

  • Hộp của mỗi phần cứng.

  • Lệnh hay công cụ hệ thống trong hệ điều hành khác, gồm bộ quản lý tập tin. Nguồn này có ích đặc biệt để tìm thông tin về bộ nhớ RAM và bộ nhớ của phần cứng.

  • Quản trị hệ thống hay nhà cung cấp dịch vụ Mạng (ISP). Những nguồn này có thông tin báo bạn biết cách thiết lập khả năng chạy mạng và gởi/nhận thư điện tử.

Bảng 3.1. Hardware Information Helpful for an Install

Phần cứng Thông tin có thể cần
Phần cứng Có mấy cái.
Thứ tự trên hệ thống.
Kiểu IDE (cũng biết là PATA), SATA hay SCSI.
Sức chứa còn rảnh sẵn sàng.
Phân vùng.
Phân vùng nơi hệ điều hành khác đã được cài đặt.
Network interfaces Type/model of available network interfaces.
Máy in Mẫu và hãng chế tạo.
Thẻ ảnh động Type/model and manufacturer.


3.3.3. Khả năng tương thích của phần cứng

Many products work without trouble on Linux. Moreover, hardware support in Linux is improving daily. However, Linux still does not run as many different types of hardware as some operating systems.

Drivers in Linux in most cases are not written for a certain product or brand from a specific manufacturer, but for a certain hardware/chipset. Many seemingly different products/brands are based on the same hardware design; it is not uncommon that chip manufacturers provide so-called reference designs for products based on their chips which are then used by several different device manufacturers and sold under lots of different product or brand names.

This has advantages and disadvantages. An advantage is that a driver for one chipset works with lots of different products from different manufacturers, as long as their product is based on the same chipset. The disadvantage is that it is not always easy to see which actual chipset is used in a certain product/brand. Unfortunately sometimes device manufacturers change the hardware base of their product without changing the product name or at least the product version number, so that when having two items of the same brand/product name bought at different times, they can sometimes be based on two different chipsets and therefore use two different drivers or there might be no driver at all for one of them.

For USB and PCI/PCI-Express/ExpressCard devices, a good way to find out on which chipset they are based is to look at their device IDs. All USB/PCI/PCI-Express/ExpressCard devices have so called vendor and product IDs, and the combination of these two is usually the same for any product based on the same chipset.

On Linux systems, these IDs can be read with the lsusb command for USB devices and with the lspci -nn command for PCI/PCI-Express/ExpressCard devices. The vendor and product IDs are usually given in the form of two hexadecimal numbers, separated by a colon, such as 1d6b:0001.

An example for the output of lsusb: Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub, whereby 1d6b is the vendor ID and 0002 is the product ID.

An example for the output of lspci -nn for an Ethernet card: 03:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller [10ec:8168] (rev 06). The IDs are given inside the rightmost square brackets, i.e. here 10ec is the vendor- and 8168 is the product ID.

As another example, a graphics card could give the following output: 04:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: Advanced Micro Devices [AMD] nee ATI RV710 [Radeon HD 4350] [1002:954f].

On Windows systems, the IDs for a device can be found in the Windows device manager on the tab details, where the vendor ID is prefixed with VEN_ and the product ID is prefixed with DEV_. On Windows 7 systems, you have to select the property Hardware IDs in the device manager's details tab to actually see the IDs, as they are not displayed by default.

Searching on the internet with the vendor/product ID, Linux and driver as the search terms often results in information regarding the driver support status for a certain chipset. If a search for the vendor/product ID does not yield usable results, a search for the chip code names, which are also often provided by lsusb and lspci (RTL8111/RTL8168B in the network card example and RV710 in the graphics card example), can help.

3.3.3.1. Testing hardware compatibility with a Live-System

Debian GNU/Linux is also available as a so-called live system for certain architectures. A live system is a preconfigured ready-to-use system in a compressed format that can be booted and used from a read-only medium like a CD or DVD. Using it by default does not create any permanent changes on your computer. You can change user settings and install additional programs from within the live system, but all this only happens in the computer's RAM, i.e. if you turn off the computer and boot the live system again, everything is reset to its defaults. If you want to see whether your hardware is supported by Debian GNU/Linux, the easiest way is to run a Debian live system on it and try it out.

There are a few limitations in using a live system. The first is that as all changes you do within the live system must be held in your computer's RAM, this only works on systems with enough RAM to do that, so installing additional large software packages may fail due to memory constraints. Another limitation with regards to hardware compatibility testing is that the official Debian GNU/Linux live system contains only free components, i.e. there are no non-free firmware files included in it. Such non-free packages can of course be installed manually within the system, but there is no automatic detection of required firmware files like in the debian-installer, so installation of non-free components must be done manually if needed.

Information about the available variants of the Debian live images can be found at the Debian Live Images website.

3.3.4. Thiết lập mạng

If your computer is connected to a fixed network (i.e. an Ethernet or equivalent connection — not a dialup/PPP connection) which is administered by somebody else, you should ask your network's system administrator for this information:

  • Tên máy [host name] (có lẽ bạn tự quyết định được).

  • Tên miền [domain name].

  • Địa chỉ IP [IP address] của máy tính.

  • Mặt nạ mạng [netmask] cần dùng với mạng cục bộ.

  • Địa chỉ IP của hệ thống cổng ra [gateway] mặc định tới đó bạn nên định tuyến, nếu mạng có.

  • Trên mạng, hệ thống cần dùng như là trình phục vụ dịch vụ tên miền (DNS).

If the network you are connected to uses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) for configuring network settings, you don't need this information because the DHCP server will provide it directly to your computer during the installation process.

If you have internet access via DSL or cable modem (i.e. over a cable tv network) and have a router (often provided preconfigured by your phone or catv provider) which handles your network connectivity, DHCP is usually available by default.

If you use a WLAN/WiFi network, you should find out:

  • The ESSID (network name) of your wireless network.

  • The WEP or WPA/WPA2 security key to access the network (if applicable).