13.2. Mengubahsuai Antar Muka Grafis

13.2.1. Memilih suatu Manajer Tampilan

The graphical interface only provides display space. Running the X server by itself only leads to an empty screen, which is why most installations use a display manager to display a user authentication screen and start the graphical desktop once the user has authenticated. The three most popular display managers in current use are gdm3 (GNOME Display Manager), sddm (suggested for KDE Plasma) and lightdm (Light Display Manager). More alternatives exist and can be found by searching for the x-display-manager virtual package.

Since the Falcot Corp administrators have opted to use the GNOME desktop environment, they logically picked gdm3 as a display manager too. The /etc/gdm3/daemon.conf configuration file has many options (the list can be found in the /usr/share/gdm/gdm.schemas schema file) to control its behavior while /etc/gdm3/greeter.dconf-defaults contains settings for the greeter “session” (more than just a login window, it is a limited desktop with power management and accessibility related tools). Note that some of the most useful settings for end-users can be tweaked with GNOME's control center.

13.2.2. Memilih suatu Manajer Jendela

Karena setiap desktop grafis menyediakan window manager sendiri, window manager mana yang Anda pilih biasanya dipengaruhi oleh desktop mana yang telah Anda pilih. GNOME menggunakan window manager mutter, Plasma menggunakan kwin, dan Xfce (yang kita hadirkan nanti) memiliki xfwm. Filosofi Unix selalu memungkinkan menggunakan window manager pilihan seseorang, namun mengikuti rekomendasi tersebut memungkinkan administrator untuk memanfaatkan secara terbaik upaya integrasi yang dipimpin oleh setiap proyek.

KEMBALI KE DASAR Manajer jendela

Manajer jendela menampilkan "dekorasi" di sekitar jendela milik aplikasi yang sedang berjalan, yang termasuk bingkai dan bilah judul. Hal ini juga memungkinkan mengurangi, memulihkan, memaksimalkan, dan menyembunyikan jendela. Kebanyakan manajer jendela juga menyediakan menu yang muncul saat desktop diklik dengan cara tertentu. Menu ini menyediakan sarana untuk menutup sesi manajer jendela, memulai aplikasi baru, dan dalam beberapa kasus, mengubah ke manajer jendela lain (jika terpasang).

Older computers may, however, have a hard time running heavyweight graphical desktop environments. In these cases, a lighter alternative (search for the x-window-manager virtual package) should be used. “Light” (or small footprint) window managers include WindowMaker (in the wmaker package), afterstep, icewm, blackbox, fluxbox, or openbox. In these cases, the system should be configured so that the appropriate window manager gets precedence; the standard way is to change the x-window-manager alternative with the command update-alternatives --config x-window-manager.

KHAS DEBIAN Alternatif

Kebijakan Debian mencantumkan sejumlah perintah standar yang dapat melakukan tindakan tertentu. Misalnya, perintah x-window-manager memanggil window manager. Tapi Debian tidak menugaskan perintah ini ke window manager yang tetap. Administrator dapat memilih manajer mana yang harus dijalankannya.

Untuk setiap window manager, paket yang relevan dengan demikian mencatat perintah yang sesuai sebagai pilihan yang mungkin bagi x-window-manager bersama dengan prioritas terkait. Membatasi konfigurasi eksplisit oleh administrator, prioritas ini memungkinkan memilih manajer jendela terinstal terbaik saat perintah generik dijalankan.

Both the registration of commands and the explicit configuration involve the update-alternatives script. Choosing where a symbolic command points at is a simple matter of running update-alternatives --config symbolic-command. This script creates (and maintains) symbolic links in the /etc/alternatives/ directory, which in turn references the location of the executable. As time passes, packages are installed or removed, and/or the administrator makes explicit changes to the configuration. When a package providing an alternative is removed, the alternative automatically goes to the next best choice among the remaining possible commands.

Tidak semua perintah simbolis secara eksplisit dicantumkan oleh kebijakan Debian; beberapa pengelola paket Debian dengan sengaja memilih untuk menggunakan mekanisme ini dalam kasus yang kurang jelas dimana masih membawa fleksibilitas yang menarik (contoh termasuk x-www-browser, www-browser, cc, c++, awk, dan seterusnya).

13.2.3. Manajemen Menu

Modern desktop environments and many window managers provide menus listing the available applications for the user. In order to keep menus up-to-date in relation to the actual set of available applications, each package usually provides a .desktop file in /usr/share/applications. The format of those files has been standardized by FreeDesktop.org:

→ https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/

The applications menus can be further customized by administrators through system-wide configuration files as described by the “Desktop Menu Specification”. End-users can also customize the menus with graphical tools such as kmenuedit (in Plasma), alacarte (in GNOME) or menulibre.

→ https://specifications.freedesktop.org/menu-spec/latest/