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6.7. Aggiornare da una distribuzione stabile alla successiva

Una delle caratteristiche più note di Debian è la sua capacità di aggiornare il sistema installato da un rilascio stabile a quello successivo: dist-upgrade, un termine ben noto, ha in gran parte contribuito alla reputazione del progetto. Con alcune precauzioni, l'aggiornamento di un computer può richiedere da un minimo di pochi, fino a qualche decina, di minuti a seconda della velocità di scaricamento dai repository dei pacchetti.

6.7.1. Procedura raccomandata

Dal momento che Debian ha un tempo abbastanza lungo per evolvere fra i rilasci stabili, si consiglia di leggere le note di rilascio prima di fare l'aggiornamento.
In this section, we will focus on upgrading a Buster system to Bullseye. This is a major operation on a system; as such, it is never 100% risk-free, and should not be attempted before all important data has been backed up.
Another good habit which makes the upgrade easier (and shorter) is to tidy your installed packages and keep only the ones that are really needed. Helpful tools to do that include aptitude, deborphan, debfoster, and apt-show-versions (see Sezione 6.2.7, «Tenere traccia dei pacchetti installati automaticamente»). For example, you can use the following command, and then use aptitude's interactive mode to double check and fine-tune the scheduled removals:
# deborphan | xargs aptitude --schedule-only remove
Now for the upgrading itself. First, you need to change the /etc/apt/sources.list file to tell APT to get its packages from Bullseye instead of Buster. If the file only contains references to Stable rather than explicit codenames, the change isn't even required, since Stable always refers to the latest released version of Debian. In both cases, the database of available packages must be refreshed with the apt update command or the refresh button in synaptic (Sezione 6.2.1, «Inizializzazione»).
Once these new package sources are registered, you should first do a minimal upgrade with apt upgrade et al. as described in Sezione 6.2.3, «Aggiornamento del sistema». By doing the upgrade in two steps, we ease the job of the package management tools and often ensure that we have the latest versions of those, which might have accumulated bugfixes and improvements required to complete the full distribution upgrade.
Once this first upgrade is done, it is time to handle the upgrade itself, either with apt full-upgrade, aptitude, or synaptic (Sezione 6.7, «Aggiornare da una distribuzione stabile alla successiva»). You should carefully check the suggested actions before applying them: you might want to add suggested packages or deselect packages which are only recommended and known not to be useful. In any case, the frontend should come up with a scenario ending in a coherent and up-to-date Bullseye system. Then, all you need is to do is wait while the required packages are downloaded, answer the debconf questions and possibly those about locally modified configuration files, and sit back while APT does its magic.

6.7.2. Gestire i problemi dopo un aggiornamento

Nonostante i migliori sforzi dei manutentori Debian, un importante aggiornamento di sistema non va sempre liscio come si spera. Le nuove versioni del software possono essere incompatibili con quelle precedenti (per esempio, il loro comportamento predefinito o il loro formato dei dati potrebbe essere cambiato). Inoltre, alcuni bug possono sfuggire, nonostante la fase di sperimentazione, che precede sempre un rilascio di Debian.
Per anticipare alcuni di questi problemi, è possibile installare il pacchetto apt-listchanges, che visualizza le informazioni sui possibili problemi all'inizio dell'aggiornamento di un pacchetto. Queste informazioni sono compilate dai manutentori dei pacchetti e inserite nel file /usr/share/doc/pacchetto/NEWS.Debian a beneficio degli utenti. Leggere questi file (possibilmente attraverso apt-listchanges) dovrebbe aiutare ad evitare brutte sorprese.
You might sometimes find that the new version of a software doesn't work at all. This generally happens if the application isn't particularly popular and hasn't been tested enough; a last-minute update can also introduce regressions which are only found after the stable release. In both cases, the first thing to do is to have a look at the bug tracking system at https://bugs.debian.org/package, and check whether the problem has already been reported. If this is case, it will be also listed before the upgrade begins if you have apt-listbugs installed. If it hasn't, you should report it yourself with reportbug. If it is already known, the bug report and the associated messages are usually an excellent source of information related to the bug:
  • a volte una soluzione esiste già, ed è disponibile nella segnalazione di bug; si può allora ricompilare localmente una versione corretta del pacchetto non funzionante (vedere la Sezione 15.1, «Rigenerare un pacchetto dai suoi sorgenti»);
  • in altri casi, gli utenti potrebbero aver trovato un modo di superare il problema e condiviso le loro conoscenze al riguardo nelle loro risposte alla segnalazione;
  • in altri casi ancora, un pacchetto corretto potrebbe essere già stato preparato e reso pubblico da parte del manutentore.
Depending on the severity of the bug, a new version of the package may be prepared specifically for a new revision of the stable release. When this happens, the fixed package is made available in the proposed-updates section of the Debian mirrors (see Sezione 6.1.2.3, «Aggiornamenti proposti»). The corresponding entry can then be temporarily added to the sources.list file, and updated packages can be installed with apt or aptitude.
Sometimes the fixed package isn't available in this section yet because it is pending a validation by the Stable Release Managers. You can verify if that is the case on their web page. Packages listed there aren't available yet, but at least you know that the publication process is ongoing.

6.7.3. Pulizia dopo un aggiornamento

APT usually ensures a clean upgrade, pulling in new and updated dependencies, or removing conflicting packages. But even being such a great tool, it cannot cover all tasks users and administrators will face after an upgrade, because they require a human decision.

6.7.3.1. Packages removed from the Debian Archive

Sometimes the Debian ftpmasters remove packages from the Debian archive, because they contain release critical bugs, were abandoned by their upstream author or their package maintainer, or simply reached their end of life. In this case a newer Debian release does not ship the package anymore. To find all packages, which do not have a package source, use the apt-show-versions command:
$ apt-show-versions | grep "No available version"
A similar result can be achieved by aptitude search ~o. If the packages found are not required anymore, they should be purged from the system, because they will not face any updates for critical or security related bugs anymore.

6.7.3.2. Dummy and Transitional Packages

Sometimes, it might be necessary for a package to get a new name. In this case often the old package is kept as an (almost) empty package, depending on the new one and installing only the mandatory files in /usr/share/doc/package/. Such packages are called "dummy" or "transitional" packages. If the package maintainer in charge also changed the section of this package to oldlibs, then tools like aptitude, deboprhan, or debfoster (see sidebar ALTERNATIVA deborphan e debfoster) can pickup these packages to suggest their removal.
Unfortunately there is currently no foolproof way of making sure that these packages are automatically removed or picked by the tools mentioned above. One way to check if the system still has some of these packages installed, is to look through the package descriptions of installed packages and then check the results. Be careful not to schedule the results for automatic removal, because this method can lead to false positives:
$ dpkg -l | grep ^ii | grep -i -E "(transition|dummy)"
Because the new package is pulled in as a dependency of the transitional package, it is usually marked as automatically installed and might be scheduled for removal if you try to purge the transitional package from your system. In this case you can use either of the approaches described in sidebar SUGGERIMENTO Rimozione e installazione nello stesso momento and Sezione 6.2.7, «Tenere traccia dei pacchetti installati automaticamente» to selectively remove the transitional package.

6.7.3.3. Old or Unused Configuration Files

If the upgrade was successful there might be some configuration file cruft, either from dpkg (see Sezione 5.2.3, «Checksums, List of Configuration Files, et al.»), ucf or from removed packages. The latter can be purged by using apt autoremove --purge. The configuration files that were handled by dpkg or ucf during the upgrade process have left some counterparts with a dedicated suffix, e.g. .dpkg-dist, .dpkg-old, .ucf-old. Using the find or locate command can help to track them down. If they are no longer of any use, they can be deleted.

6.7.3.4. Files not owned by any Package

The Debian policy enforces that packages don't leave files behind when they are purged. Violating this principle is a serious bug and you will rarely encounter it. If you do, report it; and if you are curious though, you can use the cruft or cruft-ng package to check your system for files not owned by any package.