目次
There are several choices for the full featured GUI desktop environment on the Debian system.
表7.1 List of desktop environment
タスクパッケージ | ポプコン | サイズ | 説明 |
---|---|---|---|
task-gnome-desktop
|
I:179 | 9 | GNOME デスクトップ環境 |
task-xfce-desktop
|
I:97 | 9 | Xfce デスクトップ環境 |
task-kde-desktop
|
I:64 | 6 | KDE Plasma デスクトップ環境 |
task-mate-desktop
|
I:44 | 9 | MATE デスクトップ環境 |
task-cinnamon-desktop
|
I:36 | 9 | Cinnamon デスクトップ環境 |
task-lxde-desktop
|
I:30 | 9 | LXDE デスクトップ環境 |
task-lxqt-desktop
|
I:16 | 9 | LXQt デスクトップ環境 |
task-gnome-flashback-desktop
|
I:10 | 6 | GNOME Flashback デスクトップ環境 |
![]() |
ヒント |
---|---|
Dependency packages selected by a task metapackage may be out of sync with
the latest package transition state under the Debian
|
This chapter will focus mostly on the default desktop environment of Debian:
task-gnome-desktop
offering GNOME on wayland.
GNOME デスクトップで使用されうる GUI 通信プロトコル:
Wayland (ディスプレイサーバプロトコル) (ネイティブ)
X Window System コアプロトコル
(xwayland
経由)
Please check freedesktop.org site for how Wayland architecture is different from X Window architecture.
From user's perspective, differences can be colloquially summarized as:
Wayland is a same-host GUI communication protocol: new, simpler, faster, no setuid root binary
X Window is a network-capable GUI communication protocol: traditional, complex, slower, setuid root binary
For applications using Wayland protocol, the access to their display contents from a remote host is supported by the VNC or RDP. See 「リモートデスクトップ」
Modern X servers have the MIT Shared Memory Extension and communicate with their local X clients using the local shared memory. This bypasses the network transparent Xlib interprocess communication channel and gains performance. This situation was the background of creating Wayland as a local-only GUI communication protocol.
Using the xeyes
program started from the GNOME terminal,
you can check GUI communication protocol used by each GUI application.
$ xeyes
If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "GNOME terminal" which uses Wayland display server protocol, eyes don't move with the mouse cursor.
If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "xterm" which uses X Window System core protocol, eyes move with the mouse cursor exposing not-so-isolated nature of X Window architecture.
As of April 2021, many popular GUI applications such as GNOME and LibreOffice (LO) applications have been
migrated to the Wayland display server protocol. I see
xterm
, gitk
,
chromium
, firefox
,
gimp
, dia
, and KDE applications still
use X Window System core protocol.
![]() |
注記 |
---|---|
For both the xwayland on Wayland or the native X Window System, the old X
server configuration file " |
Here are notable GUI infrastructure packages for the GNOME on Wayland environment.
表7.2 List of notable GUI infrastructure packages
パッケージ | ポプコン | パッケージサイズ | 説明 |
---|---|---|---|
mutter
|
V:3, I:99 | 199 | GNOME の mutter ウィンドウマネージャ [自動] |
xwayland
|
V:176, I:240 | 2336 | An X server running on top of wayland [auto] |
gnome-remote-desktop
|
V:62, I:146 | 1036 | Remote desktop daemon for GNOME using PipeWire [auto] |
gnome-tweaks
|
V:16, I:200 | 1202 | Advanced configuration settings for GNOME |
Here, "[auto]" means that these packages
are automatically installed when task-gnome-desktop
is
installed.
![]() |
ヒント |
---|---|
|
有用な GUI アプリケーションの多くは Debian で利用できるようになりました。対応する機能が GNOME
デスクトップ環境下では利用できないため、scribus
(KDE) のようなソフトウェアを GNOME
デスクトップ環境にインストールするのはまったく問題ありません。しかしながら、機能が重複するパッケージをインストールしすぎるとあなたのシステムが散らかってしまいます。
著者の目に止まった GUI アプリケーションのリストを記します。
表7.3 特筆すべき GUI アプリケーションの一覧
パッケージ | ポプコン | パッケージサイズ | タイプ | 説明 |
---|---|---|---|---|
evolution
|
V:28, I:226 | 470 | GNOME | 個人情報管理 (グループウエアと電子メール) |
thunderbird
|
V:56, I:123 | 193432 | GTK | Eメールクライアント (Mozilla Thunderbird) |
kontact
|
V:1, I:12 | 2195 | KDE | 個人情報管理 (グループウエアと電子メール) |
libreoffice-writer
|
V:122, I:414 | 38212 | LO | ワードプロセッサ |
abiword
|
V:1, I:9 | 3467 | GNOME | ワードプロセッサ |
calligrawords
|
V:0, I:6 | 5836 | KDE | ワードプロセッサ |
scribus
|
V:1, I:20 | 30234 | KDE | PDF ファイルを編集するための デスクトップパブリッシング |
glabels
|
V:0, I:4 | 1338 | GNOME | ラベルエディター |
libreoffice-calc
|
V:118, I:410 | 30647 | LO | スプレッドシート |
gnumeric
|
V:4, I:18 | 10003 | GNOME | スプレッドシート |
calligrasheets
|
V:0, I:5 | 11244 | KDE | スプレッドシート |
libreoffice-impress
|
V:83, I:407 | 9098 | LO | プレゼンテーション |
calligrastage
|
V:0, I:4 | 5142 | KDE | プレゼンテーション |
libreoffice-base
|
V:46, I:171 | 5933 | LO | データーベース管理 |
kexi
|
V:0, I:1 | 7118 | KDE | データーベース管理 |
libreoffice-draw
|
V:84, I:408 | 13442 | LO | ベクトル画像エディター (ドロー) |
inkscape
|
V:17, I:147 | 99316 | GNOME | ベクトル画像エディター (ドロー) |
karbon
|
V:0, I:5 | 3581 | KDE | ベクトル画像エディター (ドロー) |
dia
|
V:2, I:25 | 3908 | GTK | フローチャートやダイアグラムエディター |
gimp
|
V:53, I:272 | 19767 | GTK | ビットマップ画像エディター (ペイント) |
shotwell
|
V:15, I:233 | 6548 | GTK | デジタル写真オーガナイザー |
digikam
|
V:2, I:11 | 265 | KDE | デジタル写真オーガナイザー |
darktable
|
V:4, I:14 | 29882 | GTK | lighttable and darkroom for photographers |
planner
|
V:0, I:3 | 1458 | GNOME | プロジェクト管理 |
calligraplan
|
V:0, I:1 | 19013 | KDE | プロジェクト管理 |
gnucash
|
V:2, I:9 | 32579 | GNOME | 個人会計 |
homebank
|
V:0, I:2 | 1232 | GTK | 個人会計 |
lilypond
|
V:1, I:8 | 6424 | - | music typesetter |
kmymoney
|
V:0, I:2 | 13341 | KDE | 個人会計 |
librecad
|
V:1, I:16 | 8798 | Qt アプリ | computer-aided design (CAD) system (2D) |
freecad
|
I:16 | 53 | Qt アプリ | computer-aided design (CAD) system (3D) |
kicad
|
V:2, I:14 | 196806 | GTK | electronic schematic and PCB design software |
xsane
|
V:13, I:148 | 2339 | GTK | スキャナーのフロントエンド |
libreoffice-math
|
V:67, I:411 | 2234 | LO | 数式エディター |
calibre
|
V:8, I:30 | 62725 | KDE | e-book コンバーターとライブラリーの管理 |
fbreader
|
V:1, I:11 | 2631 | GTK | e-book リーダー |
evince
|
V:96, I:306 | 974 | GNOME | 文書 (pdf) ビューワー |
okular
|
V:35, I:109 | 17297 | KDE | 文書 (pdf) ビューワー |
x11-apps
|
V:26, I:440 | 2476 | 純粋な X アプリ | xeyes (1) など。 |
x11-utils
|
V:169, I:556 | 712 | 純粋な X アプリ | xev (1), xwininfo (1) など。 |
Many useful scalable fonts are available for users on Debian. User's concern is how to avoid redundancy and how to configure parts of installed fonts to be disabled. Otherwise, useless font choices may clutter your GUI application menus.
Debian system uses FreeType 2.0 library to rasterise many scalable font formats for screen and print:
Type 1 (PostScript) フォント、3次 ベジェ曲線 を使用 (ほぼ廃れた形式)
TrueType フォント、2次ベジェ曲線を使用 (よい選択肢)
OpenType フォント、3次ベジェ曲線を使用 (最良の選択肢)
The following table is compiled in the hope to help users to chose appropriate scalable fonts with clear understanding of the metric compatibility and the glyph coverage. Most fonts cover all Latin fonts, Greek, and Cyril character glyphs. The final choice of activated fonts can also be affected by your aesthetics. These fonts can be used for the screen display or for the paper printing.
表7.4 List of notable TrueType and OpenType fonts
Here:
"MCM" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft"
"MCMATC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft: Arial, Times New Roman, Courier New"
"MCAHTC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Adobe: Helvetica, Times, Courier"
Numbers in font type columns stands for the rough relative "M" width for the same point size font.
"P" in mono font type columns stands for its usability for programming having clearly distinguishable "0"/"O" and "1"/"I"/"l".
The ttf-mscorefonts-installer
package downloads
Microsoft's "Core fonts for the
Web" and installs Arial, Times New Roman, Courier New, Verdana, ... . These installed font data are
non-free data.
Many free Latin fonts have their lineage traced to URW Nimbus family or Bitstream Vera.
![]() |
ヒント |
---|---|
If your locale needs fonts not covered well by the above fonts, please use aptitude to check under task packages listed under "Tasks" -> "Localization". The font packages listed as "Depends:" or "Recommends:" in the localization task packages are the primary candidates. |
Debian uses FreeType to rasterize fonts. Its font choice infrastructure is provided by the Fontconfig font configuration library.
表7.5 有用フォント環境と関連パッケージのリスト
パッケージ | ポプコン | サイズ | 説明 |
---|---|---|---|
libfreetype6
|
V:527, I:996 | 890 | FreeType フォントラスター化ライブラリー |
libfontconfig1
|
V:523, I:853 | 579 | Fontconfig、フォント設定ライブラリー |
fontconfig
|
V:409, I:721 | 617 | fc-* : Fontconfig の CLI
コマンド |
font-manager
|
V:2, I:8 | 1062 | Font Manager: Fontconfig の GUI コマンド |
nautilus-font-manager
|
V:0, I:0 | 37 | Font ManagerのNautilus拡張 |
![]() |
ヒント |
---|---|
Some font packages such as |
You can list font configuration state from the command line, too.
fontconfig のフォントデフォルトに関しては "fc-match(1)
"
fontconfig で利用可能なフォントに関しては "fc-list(1)
"
You can configure font configuration state from the text editor but this is
non-trivial. See fonts.conf
(5).
Many mostly GUI applications on Linux are available in binary formats from non-Debian sources.
![]() |
警告 |
---|---|
Binaries from these sites may include proprietary non-free software packages. |
There is some raison d'être for these binary format distributions for Free Software aficionados using Debian since these can accommodate clean set of libraries used for each application by the respective upstream developer independent of the ones provided by Debian.
The inherent risk of running external binaries can be reduced by using the sandbox environment which leverages modern Linux security features (see 「Linux のセキュリティ機能」).
For binaries from AppImage and some upstream sites, run them in firejail with manual configuration.
For binaries from FLATHUB, run them in Flatpak . (No manual configuration required.)
For binaries from snapcraft, run them in Snap . (No manual configuration required. Compatible with daemon programs.)
The xdg-desktop-portal
package provides a standardized
API to common desktop features. See
xdg-desktop-portal (flatpak) and xdg-desktop-portal (snap)
表7.6 List of notable sandbox environment and related packages
パッケージ | ポプコン | サイズ | 説明 |
---|---|---|---|
flatpak
|
V:41, I:44 | 7350 | Flatpak application deployment framework for desktop apps |
gnome-software-plugin-flatpak
|
V:10, I:17 | 227 | Flatpak support for GNOME Software |
snapd
|
V:61, I:65 | 59918 | Daemon and tooling that enable snap packages |
gnome-software-plugin-snap
|
V:1, I:2 | 112 | Snap support for GNOME Software |
xdg-desktop-portal
|
V:229, I:311 | 1773 | desktop integration portal for Flatpak and Snap |
xdg-desktop-portal-gtk
|
V:195, I:309 | 746 | xdg-desktop-portal backend for gtk (GNOME) |
xdg-desktop-portal-kde
|
V:7, I:10 | 1300 | xdg-desktop-portal backend for Qt (KDE) |
xdg-desktop-portal-wlr
|
V:0, I:1 | 123 | xdg-desktop-portal backend for wlroots (Wayland) |
firejail
|
V:1, I:5 | 1771 | a SUID security sandbox program firejail for use with AppImage |
This sandbox environment technology is very much like apps on smart phone OS where apps are executed under controlled resource accesses.
Some large GUI applications such as web browsers on Debian also use sandbox environment technology internally to make them more secure.
表7.7 List of notable remote access server
Access to the desktop and applications which use Wayland protocol and run on the remote host is supported by the GNOME Remote Desktop on the remote host through VNC or RDP to the local client.
Access to the desktop capabilities of all QEMU virtual machines is supported by the SPICE (the Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments) protocol.
パッケージ | ポプコン | サイズ | プロトコル | 説明 |
---|---|---|---|---|
gnome-remote-desktop
|
V:62, I:146 | 1036 | RDP, RFB (VNC) | GNOME Remote Desktop サーバ |
vinagre
|
V:4, I:110 | 4249 | RDP, RFB (VNC), SPICE, SSH | Vinagre: GNOME remote desktop client |
remmina
|
V:12, I:63 | 897 | RDP, RFB (VNC), SPICE, SSH, ... | Remmina: GTK remote desktop client |
krdc
|
V:1, I:17 | 3882 | RDP, RFB (VNC) | KRDC: KDE remote desktop client |
guacd
|
V:0, I:0 | 80 | RDP, RFB (VNC), SSH / HTML5 | Apache Guacamole: clientless remote desktop gateway (HTML5) |
virt-viewer
|
V:4, I:51 | 1316 | RFB (VNC), SPICE | Virtual Machine Manager's GUI display client of guest OS |
There are several ways to connect from an application on a remote host to
the X server including xwayland
on the local host.
表7.8 X サーバーへの接続方法のリスト
パッケージ | ポプコン | サイズ | コマンド | 説明 |
---|---|---|---|---|
openssh-server
|
V:740, I:841 | 1867 | sshd with option X11-forwarding |
SSH サーバ (セキュア) |
openssh-client
|
V:856, I:997 | 5609 | ssh -X |
SSH クライアント (セキュア) |
xauth
|
V:155, I:952 | 81 | xauth |
X 認証ファイルユーティリティ |
x11-xserver-utils
|
V:285, I:506 | 576 | xhost |
X のサーバアクセス制御 |
Access to the local X server by the local applications which use X core
protocol can be locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket. This
can be authorized by the authority file holding access cookie. The authority file location is
identified by the "$XAUTHORITY
" environment variable and
X display is identified by the "$DISPLAY
" environment
variable. Since these are normally set automatically, no special action is
needed, e.g. "gitk
" as the following.
username $ gitk
![]() |
注記 |
---|---|
For |
Access to the local X server display from the remote applications which use X core protocol is supported by using the X11 forwarding feature.
ローカルホスト上で gnome-terminal
を開きます。
Run ssh
(1) with -X
option to establish
a connection with the remote site as the following.
localname @ localhost $ ssh -q -X loginname@remotehost.domain Password:
リモートホスト上の "gitk
" 等の X アプリケーションコマンドを次のように実行します。
loginname @ remotehost $ gitk
ここに書かれた手法はリモート X クライアントがあたかもローカルの UNIX ドメインソケット経由でローカル接続されているかのようにして、リモート X クライアントからの出力を表示できるようにします。
See 「リーモートアクセスサーバーとユーティリティー (SSH)」 for SSH/SSHD.
![]() |
警告 |
---|---|
A remote TCP/IP to the
X server is disabled by default on the Debian system for security reasons.
Don't enable them by simply setting " |
Access to the X server by the applications which use X core protocol and run
on the same host but in an environment such as chroot where the authority
file is not accessible, can be authorized securely with
xhost
by using the User-based access,
e.g. "gitk
" as the following.
username $ xhost + si:localuser:root ; sudo chroot /path/to # cd /src # gitk # exit username $ xhost -
For clipping text to clipboard, see 「マウス操作」.
For clipping graphics to clipboard, see 「グラフィクスデーターツール」.
Some CLI commands can manipulate character clipboard (PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD), too.
表7.9 List of programs related to manipulating character clipboard
パッケージ | ポプコン | パッケージサイズ | ターゲット | 説明 |
---|---|---|---|---|
xsel
|
V:8, I:40 | 59 | X | X選択のコマンドラインインターフェース (クリップボード) |
xclip
|
V:10, I:53 | 64 | X | X選択のコマンドラインインターフェース (クリップボード) |
wl-clipboard
|
V:1, I:5 | 141 | Wayland | wl-copy wl-paste : command line
interface to Wayland clipboard |
gpm
|
V:11, I:14 | 521 | Linux コンソール | Linux コンソールのマウスイベントを捉えるデーモン |