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Table of Contents
有一句古老的拉丁谚语：“fabricando fit faber”（“熟能生巧”）。
强烈建议使用简单的包来练习和试验 Debian 打包的所有步骤。本章为您的练习提供了许多上游案例。
这也可以作为许多编程主题的介绍性示例。
请注意，Debian 对以下事项非常注意：
通过以下方式以实现通用操作系统：
在 Chapter 4, 简单例子 中介绍的典型打包示例是本章节的先决条件。
在以下数小节中，有些细节被刻意模糊。请尝试阅读相关文件，并且尝试自行厘清它们。
![[Tip]](images/tip.png)
|
Tip |
|---|---|
|
打包示例的最佳来源就是目前的 Debian 归档本身。请使用 “Debian 代码搜索” 服务来查找相关示例。 |
以下是一个从空目录由零开始构建简单的 Debian 软件包的示例。
这是一个很棒的平台，可以使您获得所有的模板文件，而不会使您正在处理的上游源码树变得一团糟。
让我们假设这个空目录为 debhello-0.1。
$ mkdir debhello-0.1 $ tree . └── debhello-0.1 1 directory, 0 files
让我们通过指定 -x4 选项来生成最大数量的模板文件。
此外，让我们使用 “-p debhello -t -u 0.1 -r 1” 选项来制作缺失的上游源码包。
$ debmake -t -p debhello -u 0.1 -r 1 -x4 I: set parameters I: ================================================================= ... I: sanity check of parameters W: -p "debhello" != auto set value "" W: -u "0.1" != auto set value "0~2107020726" W: -r "1" != auto set value "" ... I: debmake -x "4" ... I: creating => debian/control I: creating => debian/copyright I: substituting => /usr/share/debmake/extra0/changelog ... I: creating => debian/license-examples/GPL-3.0+ I: substituting => /usr/share/debmake/extra4/LGPL-2.1+ I: creating => debian/license-examples/LGPL-2.1+ I: substituting => /usr/share/debmake/extra4/LGPL-3.0+ I: creating => debian/license-examples/LGPL-3.0+ I: $ wrap-and-sort
我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
$ cd .. $ tree . ├── debhello-0.1 │ └── debian │ ├── README.Debian │ ├── changelog │ ├── clean │ ├── compat.ex │ ├── control │ ├── copyright │ ├── debhello.bug-control.ex │ ├── debhello.bug-presubj.ex │ ├── debhello.bug-script.ex │ ├── debhello.conffiles.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.d.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.daily.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.hourly.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.monthly.ex │ ├── debhello.cron.weekly.ex │ ├── debhello.default.ex │ ├── debhello.dirs.ex │ ├── debhello.emacsen-install.ex │ ├── debhello.emacsen-remove.ex │ ├── debhello.emacsen-startup.ex │ ├── debhello.init.ex │ ├── debhello.lintian-overrides.ex │ ├── debhello.service.ex │ ├── debhello.tmpfile.ex │ ├── debhello.upstart.ex │ ├── install │ ├── license-examples │ │ ├── Apache-2.0 │ │ ├── Artistic-1.0 │ │ ├── BSD-3-Clause │ │ ├── Expat │ │ ├── GPL-2.0+ │ │ ├── GPL-3.0+ │ │ ├── LGPL-2.1+ │ │ └── LGPL-3.0+ │ ├── links │ ├── manpage.1.ex │ ├── manpage.asciidoc.ex │ ├── manpage.sgml.ex │ ├── manpage.xml.ex │ ├── patches │ │ └── series │ ├── postinst │ ├── postrm │ ├── preinst │ ├── prerm │ ├── rules │ ├── source │ │ ├── control │ │ ├── format │ │ ├── local-options │ │ ├── options │ │ └── patch-header │ ├── source.lintian-overrides.ex │ ├── tests │ │ └── control │ ├── upstream │ │ └── metadata │ └── watch ├── debhello-0.1.tar.gz └── debhello_0.1.orig.tar.gz -> debhello-0.1.tar.gz 7 directories, 56 files
现在，您可以复制 debhello-0.1/debian/ 目录下所有生成的模板文件到您的软件包中。
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|
Tip |
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通过使用 -T 选项（教程模式）调用 debmake 命令，可以使生成的模板文件更加详细。 |
此处是一个从 POSIX shell 命令行界面程序创建简单的 Debian 软件包的示例，我们假设它没有使用任何构建系统。
让我们假设上游的源码包为 debhello-0.2.tar.gz。
此类源码不具有自动化方法，所以必须手动安装文件。
For example:
$ tar -xzmf debhello-0.2.tar.gz $ cd debhello-0.2 $ sudo cp scripts/hello /bin/hello ...
Let’s get this source as tar file from a remote site and make it the Debian package.
下载 debhello-0.2.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-0.2.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-0.2.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-0.2 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello └── debhello-0.2.tar.gz 4 directories, 6 files
这里的 POSIX shell 脚本 hello 非常的简单。
hello（v=0.2）.
$ cat debhello-0.2/scripts/hello #!/bin/sh -e echo "Hello from the shell!" echo "" echo -n "Type Enter to exit this program: " read X
此处的 hello.desktop 支持 桌面项（Desktop Entry）规范。
hello.desktop（v=0.2）.
$ cat debhello-0.2/data/hello.desktop [Desktop Entry] Name=Hello Name[fr]=Bonjour Comment=Greetings Comment[fr]=Salutations Type=Application Keywords=hello Exec=hello Terminal=true Icon=hello.png Categories=Utility;
此处的 hello.png 是图标的图像文件。
让我们使用 debmake 命令来打包。这里使用 -b':sh' 选项来指明生成的二进制包是一个 shell 脚本。
$ cd debhello-0.2 $ debmake -b':sh' I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="0.2", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-0.2". *** I: provide debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-0.2.tar.gz debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-0.2" I: parse binary package settings: :sh I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Unknown I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 33 %, ext = desktop ...
让我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
执行基本的 debmake 命令后的源码树。（v=0.2）.
$ cd .. $ tree . ├── debhello-0.2 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── debian │ │ ├── README.Debian │ │ ├── changelog │ │ ├── control │ │ ├── copyright │ │ ├── patches │ │ │ └── series │ │ ├── rules │ │ ├── source │ │ │ ├── control │ │ │ ├── format │ │ │ ├── local-options │ │ │ ├── options │ │ │ └── patch-header │ │ ├── tests │ │ │ └── control │ │ ├── upstream │ │ │ └── metadata │ │ └── watch │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello ├── debhello-0.2.tar.gz └── debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz -> debhello-0.2.tar.gz 9 directories, 21 files
debian/rules（模板文件，v=0.2）：.
$ cat debhello-0.2/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@
这基本上是带有 dh 命令的标准 debian/rules 文件。因为这是个脚本软件包，所以这个 debian/rules 模板文件没有与构建标记（build flag）相关的内容。
debian/control（模板文件，v=0.2）：.
$ cat debhello-0.2/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: unknown
Priority: optional
Maintainer: "Firstname Lastname" <email.address@example.org>
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13)
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: ${misc:Depends}
Description: auto-generated package by debmake
This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
因为这是个 shell 脚本包，所以 debmake 命令设置了“Architecture: all”和“Multi-Arch: foreign”。此外，它还将所需的 substvar 参数设置为“Depends: ${misc:Depends}”。Chapter 5, 基本内容 对此进行了解释。
因为这个上游源码缺少上游的 Makefile，所以这个功能需要由维护者提供。这个上游源码仅包含脚本文件和数据文件，没有 C 的源码文件，因此 构建（build） 的过程可以被跳过，但是需要实现 安装（install） 的过程。对于这种情况，通过添加 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 文件可以很好地实现这一功能，且不会使 debian/rules 文件变得复杂。
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/rules（维护者版本，v=0.2）：.
$ vim debhello-0.2/debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-0.2/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@
debian/control（维护者版本，v=0.2）：.
$ vim debhello-0.2/debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-0.2/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13)
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: ${misc:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
![[Warning]](images/warning.png)
|
Warning |
|---|---|
|
如果您对 debian/control 模板文件中的“Section: unknown”部分不作修改的话，后续的 lintian 错误可能导致构建失败。 |
debian/install（维护者版本，v=0.2）：.
$ vim debhello-0.2/debian/install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-0.2/debian/install data/hello.desktop usr/share/applications data/hello.png usr/share/pixmaps scripts/hello usr/bin
debian/manpages（维护者版本，v=0.2）：.
$ vim debhello-0.2/debian/manpages ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-0.2/debian/manpages man/hello.1
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
debian/ 目录下的模板文件。（v=0.2）：.
$ tree debhello-0.2/debian debhello-0.2/debian ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── install ├── manpages ├── patches │ └── series ├── rules ├── source │ ├── control │ ├── format │ ├── local-options │ ├── options │ └── patch-header ├── tests │ └── control ├── upstream │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 16 files
您可以在此源代码树中使用 debuild 命令（或其等效命令）创建非原生的 Debian 软件包。如下所示，该命令的输出非常详细，并且解释了它所做的事。
$ cd debhello-0.2
$ debuild
dpkg-buildpackage -us -uc -ui -i -i
...
debian/rules clean
dh clean
...
debian/rules binary
dh binary
dh_update_autotools_config
dh_autoreconf
create-stamp debian/debhelper-build-stamp
dh_prep
rm -f -- debian/debhello.substvars
rm -fr -- debian/.debhelper/generated/debhello/ debian/debhello/ debi...
dh_install
install -d debian/debhello/usr/bin
cp --reflink=auto -a ./scripts/hello debian/debhello/usr/bin/
...
现在我们来看看成果如何。
通过 debuild 生成的第 0.2 版的 debhello 文件：.
$ cd .. $ tree -FL 1 . ├── debhello-0.2/ ├── debhello-0.2.tar.gz ├── debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz ├── debhello_0.2-1.dsc ├── debhello_0.2-1_all.deb ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.build ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.buildinfo ├── debhello_0.2-1_amd64.changes └── debhello_0.2.orig.tar.gz -> debhello-0.2.tar.gz 1 directory, 8 files
您可以看见生成的全部文件。
debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz 包含了 Debian 对上游源代码的修改，具体如下所示。
压缩过的归档文件 debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz 中的内容物：.
$ tar -tzf debhello-0.2.tar.gz debhello-0.2/ debhello-0.2/data/ debhello-0.2/data/hello.desktop debhello-0.2/data/hello.png debhello-0.2/man/ debhello-0.2/man/hello.1 debhello-0.2/scripts/ debhello-0.2/scripts/hello debhello-0.2/LICENSE $ tar --xz -tf debhello_0.2-1.debian.tar.xz debian/ debian/README.Debian debian/changelog debian/control debian/copyright debian/install debian/manpages debian/patches/ debian/patches/series debian/rules debian/source/ debian/source/control debian/source/format debian/source/options debian/source/patch-header debian/tests/ debian/tests/control debian/upstream/ debian/upstream/metadata debian/watch
debhello_0.2-1_amd64.deb 包含了将要安装至系统中的文件，如下所示。
debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 二进制软件包中的内容：.
$ dpkg -c debhello_0.2-1_all.deb drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/bin/ -rwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/bin/hello drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/applications/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/applications/hello.desktop drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/README.Debian -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/changelog.Debian.gz -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/doc/debhello/copyright drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/man/ drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/man/man1/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/man/man1/hello.1.gz drwxr-xr-x root/root ... ./usr/share/pixmaps/ -rw-r--r-- root/root ... ./usr/share/pixmaps/hello.png
此处是生成的 debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 的依赖项列表。
debhello_0.2-1_all.deb 的依赖项列表：.
$ dpkg -f debhello_0.2-1_all.deb pre-depends depends recommends conflicts br...
(No extra dependency packages required since this is a POSIX shell program.)
![[Note]](images/note.png)
|
Note |
|---|---|
|
If you wish to replace upstream provided PNG file data/hello.png with maintainer provided one
debian/hello.png, editing debian/install isn’t enough. When you add
debian/hello.png, you need to add a line
" |
下面是从 POSIX shell 命令行界面程序创建简单的 Debian 软件包的示例，我们假设它使用 Makefile 作为构建系统。
让我们假设上游的源码包为 debhello-1.0.tar.gz。
这一类源代码设计可以用这样的方式安装成为非系统文件：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.0.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.0 $ make install
Debian 的打包需要对“make install”流程进行改变，从而将文件安装至目标系统镜像所在位置，而非通常使用的 /usr/local 下的位置。
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-1.0.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.0.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.0.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.0 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello └── debhello-1.0.tar.gz 4 directories, 7 files
这里的 Makefile 正确使用 $(DESTDIR) 和 $(prefix)。其他的所有文件都和 Section 8.2, “无 Makefile（shell，命令行界面）” 中的一样，并且大多数的打包工作也都一样。
Makefile（v=1.0）.
$ cat debhello-1.0/Makefile
prefix = /usr/local
all:
: # do nothing
install:
install -D scripts/hello \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
clean:
: # do nothing
distclean: clean
uninstall:
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
.PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall
让我们使用 debmake 命令来打包。这里使用 -b':sh' 选项来指明生成的二进制包是一个 shell 脚本。
$ cd debhello-1.0 $ debmake -b':sh' -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu Aoki' I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.0", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.0". *** I: provide debhello_1.0.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.0.tar.gz debhello_1.0.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.0" I: parse binary package settings: :sh I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = make I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 33 %, ext = desktop ...
让我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
debian/rules（模板文件，v=1.0）：.
$ cat debhello-1.0/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@
#override_dh_auto_install:
# dh_auto_install -- prefix=/usr
#override_dh_install:
# dh_install --list-missing -X.pyc -X.pyo
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/rules（维护者版本，v=1.0）：.
$ vim debhello-1.0/debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.0/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@
override_dh_auto_install:
dh_auto_install -- prefix=/usr
因为上游源码含有正确的上游 Makefile 文件，所以没有必要再去创建 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 文件。
debian/control 文件和 Section 8.2, “无 Makefile（shell，命令行界面）” 中的完全一致。
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
debian/ 目录下的模板文件。（v=1.0）：.
$ tree debhello-1.0/debian debhello-1.0/debian ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── patches │ └── series ├── rules ├── source │ ├── control │ ├── format │ ├── local-options │ ├── options │ └── patch-header ├── tests │ └── control ├── upstream │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 14 files
其余的打包操作基本上和 Section 8.2, “无 Makefile（shell，命令行界面）” 中的相同。
Many interesting upstream Python program packages are packaged using the setuptools based setup.py. Usually, these source packages are built into Python specific binary distribution format wheel and wheel packages are distributed to end users. Then, end users find these from package listing sites such as the Python Package Index (PyPI) and install these wheel packages using pip to the user’s environment.
In order to make Debian package of these Python programs, you must start
with their source packages. The current Debian packaging practice of such
Python programs uses dh_python3(1) and
pybuild(1) from dh_python package.
Although setuptools isn’t mentioned in
pybuild(1), you can treat these as if these are packaged
using the distutils based setup.py since setuptools
is an enhanced extension of distutils.
[23]
Let’s assume the upstream tarball to be debhello-1.1.tar.gz.
"Installing Python Modules (Legacy version)" explains how to install source to the system using distutils. Essentially, the source is installed using distutils as:
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.1.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.1 $ python3 setup.py install
Debian packaging requires changing the last line to “python3 setup.py install --install-layout=deb” to install files into the target system image location. This is automatically addressed when using the dh command for Debian packaging.
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a Python3 CLI program using the setuptools based setup.py as its build system.
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-1.1.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.1.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.1.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.1 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── MANIFEST.in │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── manpages │ │ └── hello.1 │ ├── pyproject.toml │ ├── setup.cfg │ ├── setup.py │ └── src │ └── debhello │ ├── __init__.py │ └── __main__.py └── debhello-1.1.tar.gz 5 directories, 12 files
Here, the content of this debhello source tree as follows.
setup.py (v=1.1) — a boilar plate setup.py for the backward compatibility.
$ cat debhello-1.1/setup.py # coding: utf-8 import setuptools setuptools.setup()
setup.cfg (v=1.1) — modern static metadata.
$ cat debhello-1.1/setup.cfg
[metadata]
name = debhello
version = attr: debhello.__version__
description = Hello Python (CLI)
long_description = file: README.md
classifiers =
Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Intended Audience :: Developers
Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging
License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Programming Language :: Python
Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
author = Osamu Aoki
author_email = osamu@debian.org
maintainer = Osamu Aoki
maintainer_email = osamu@debian.org
url = https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
project_urls =
Documentation = https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
keywords = debhello
license = MIT
[options]
package_dir =
= src
packages = find:
python_requires = >=3.4
setup_requires = setuptools >= 42
[options.packages.find]
where = src
[options.entry_points]
console_scripts =
hello = debhello.__main__:main
pyproject.toml (v=1.1) — PEP 517 configuration.
$ cat debhello-1.1/pyproject.toml
[build-system]
requires = [
"setuptools>=42",
"wheel"
]
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
MANIFEST.in (v=1.1) — for distutils to make sdist.
$ cat debhello-1.1/MANIFEST.in include data/* include manpages/*
src/debhello/__init__.py (v=1.1) — program version definition.
$ cat debhello-1.1/src/debhello/__init__.py __version__ = '1.1.0'
src/debhello/__main__.py (v=1.1) — command entry point.
$ cat debhello-1.1/src/debhello/__main__.py
"""
debhello command line entry (enable python -m debhello syntax)
"""
import sys
import debhello
def main(): # needed for console script
print(' ========== Hello Python3 ==========')
print('argv = {}'.format(sys.argv))
print('version = {}'.format(debhello.__version__))
return
if __name__ == "__main__":
sys.exit(main())
让我们使用 debmake 命令来打包。这里使用 -b':py3' 选项来指明生成的二进制包包含 Python3 脚本和模块文件。
$ cd debhello-1.1 $ debmake -b':py3' -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu Aoki' I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.1", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.1". *** I: provide debhello_1.1.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.1.tar.gz debhello_1.1.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.1" I: parse binary package settings: :py3 I: binary package=debhello Type=python3 / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree W: unknown python version. check setup.py. I: build_type = I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions ...
让我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
debian/rules（模板文件，v=1.1）：.
$ cat debhello-1.1/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
%:
dh $@ --with python3
这基本上是带有 dh 命令的标准 debian/rules 文件。
使用“--with python3”选项会调用 dh_python3 来计算 Python 依赖项、将维护者脚本添加到字节码文件等。参见 dh_python3(1)。
使用“--buildsystem=pybuild”选项会为要求的 Python 版本调用各种构建系统，以便构建模块和扩展。参见 pybuild(1)。
debian/control（模板文件，v=1.1）：.
$ cat debhello-1.1/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: unknown
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13), dh-python, python3-all
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${python3:Depends}
Description: auto-generated package by debmake
This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
因为这是 Python3 软件包，debmake 命令会设置“Architecture: all”和“Multi-Arch: foreign”。此外，它还将所需的 substvar 参数设置为“Depends: ${python3:Depends}, ${misc:Depends}”。Chapter 5, 基本内容 对这些做出了解释。
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/rules（维护者版本，v=1.1）：.
$ vim debhello-1.1/debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.1/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export PYBUILD_NAME=debhello
export PYBUILD_VERBOSE=1
export DH_VERBOSE=1
%:
dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild
debian/control（维护者版本，v=1.1）：.
$ vim debhello-1.1/debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.1/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13),
dh-python,
python3-all,
python3-setuptools
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Vcs-Browser: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Vcs-Git: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc.git
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${python3:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This is an example package to demonstrate Debian packaging using
the debmake command.
.
The generated Debian package uses the dh command offered by the
debhelper package and the dpkg source format `3.0 (quilt)'.
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
This debhello command comes with the upstream-provided manpage and desktop file but the upstream setup.cfg doesn’t install them. So you need to update debian/install and debian/manpages as follows:
debian/install (maintainer version, v=1.1):
$ vim debhello-1.1/debian/install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-1.1/debian/install data/hello.desktop usr/share/applications data/hello.png usr/share/pixmaps
debian/manpages (maintainer version, v=1.1):
$ vim debhello-1.1/debian/manpages ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-1.1/debian/manpages manpages/hello.1
其余的打包工作与 Section 8.3, “Makefile（shell，命令行界面）” 中的几乎一致。
debian/ 目录下的模板文件。（v=1.1）：.
$ tree debhello-1.1/debian debhello-1.1/debian ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── install ├── manpages ├── patches │ └── series ├── rules ├── source │ ├── control │ ├── format │ ├── local-options │ ├── options │ └── patch-header ├── tests │ └── control ├── upstream │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 16 files
此处是生成的 debhello_1.1-1_all.deb 包的依赖项列表。
debhello_1.1-1_all.deb 的依赖项列表：.
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.1-1_all.deb pre-depends depends recommends conflicts br... Depends: python3:any
此处是一个从 POSIX shell 图形界面程序构建简单的 Debian 软件包的示例，我们假设程序使用 Makefile 作为构建系统。
上游是基于 Section 8.3, “Makefile（shell，命令行界面）” 中的源代码，并带有增强的图形界面支持。
让我们假设上游的源码包为 debhello-1.2.tar.gz。
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-1.2.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.2.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.2.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.2 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── scripts │ └── hello └── debhello-1.2.tar.gz 4 directories, 7 files
此处的 hello 已经被重写以便使用 zenity 命令来使其成为 GTK+ 图形界面程序。
hello（v=1.2）.
$ cat debhello-1.2/scripts/hello #!/bin/sh -e zenity --info --title "hello" --text "Hello from the shell!"
这里，作为图形界面程序，桌面文件被更新为 Terminal=false。
hello.desktop（v=1.2）.
$ cat debhello-1.2/data/hello.desktop [Desktop Entry] Name=Hello Name[fr]=Bonjour Comment=Greetings Comment[fr]=Salutations Type=Application Keywords=hello Exec=hello Terminal=false Icon=hello.png Categories=Utility;
其余的所有文件都与 Section 8.3, “Makefile（shell，命令行界面）” 中的一致。
让我们使用 debmake 命令来打包。这里使用 -b':sh' 选项来指明生成的二进制包是一个 shell 脚本。
$ cd debhello-1.2 $ debmake -b':sh' -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu Aoki' I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.2", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.2". *** I: provide debhello_1.2.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.2.tar.gz debhello_1.2.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.2" I: parse binary package settings: :sh I: binary package=debhello Type=script / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = make I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 33 %, ext = desktop ...
让我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
debian/control（模板文件，v=1.2）：.
$ cat debhello-1.2/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: unknown
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13)
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: ${misc:Depends}
Description: auto-generated package by debmake
This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/control（维护者版本，v=1.2）：.
$ vim debhello-1.2/debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.2/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13)
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: zenity, ${misc:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
请注意，这里需要手动添加 zenity 依赖。
debian/rules 文件与 Section 8.3, “Makefile（shell，命令行界面）” 中的完全一致。
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
debian/ 目录下的模板文件。（v=1.2）：.
$ tree debhello-1.2/debian debhello-1.2/debian ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── patches │ └── series ├── rules ├── source │ ├── control │ ├── format │ ├── local-options │ ├── options │ └── patch-header ├── tests │ └── control ├── upstream │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 14 files
其余的打包工作与 Section 8.3, “Makefile（shell，命令行界面）” 中的几乎一致。
此处是 debhello_1.2-1_all.deb 的依赖项列表。
debhello_1.2-1_all.deb 的依赖项列表：.
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.2-1_all.deb pre-depends depends recommends conflicts br... Depends: zenity
Here is an example of creating a simple Debian package from a Python3 GUI program using the setuptools based setup.py as its build system.
上游是基于 Section 8.4, “setup.py（Python3，命令行界面）” 中的源代码，并带有增强的图形界面、桌面图标、手册页。
让我们假设上游源码包为 debhello-1.3.tar.gz。
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-1.3.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.3.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.3.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.3 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── MANIFEST.in │ ├── README.md │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── manpages │ │ └── hello.1 │ ├── pyproject.toml │ ├── setup.cfg │ ├── setup.py │ └── src │ └── debhello │ ├── __init__.py │ └── __main__.py └── debhello-1.3.tar.gz 5 directories, 12 files
Here, the content of this debhello source tree as follows.
setup.py (v=1.3) — a boilar plate setup.py for the backward compatibility.
$ cat debhello-1.3/setup.py import setuptools setuptools.setup()
setup.cfg (v=1.3) — modern static metadata.
$ cat debhello-1.3/setup.cfg
[metadata]
name = debhello
version = attr: debhello.__version__
description = Hello Python (GUI)
long_description = file: README.md
classifiers =
Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Intended Audience :: Developers
Topic :: System :: Archiving :: Packaging
License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
Programming Language :: Python
Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
author = Osamu Aoki
author_email = osamu@debian.org
maintainer = Osamu Aoki
maintainer_email = osamu@debian.org
url = https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
project_urls =
Documentation = https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
keywords = debhello
license = MIT
[options]
package_dir =
= src
packages = find:
python_requires = >=3.4
setup_requires = setuptools >= 42
[options.packages.find]
where = src
[options.entry_points]
console_scripts =
hello = debhello.__main__:main
pyproject.toml (v=1.3) — PEP 517 configuration.
$ cat debhello-1.3/pyproject.toml
[build-system]
requires = [
"setuptools>=42",
"wheel"
]
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
MANIFEST.in (v=1.3) — for distutils to make sdist.
$ cat debhello-1.3/MANIFEST.in include data/* include manpages/*
src/debhello/__init__.py (v=1.3) — program version definition.
$ cat debhello-1.3/src/debhello/__init__.py __version__ = '1.3.0'
src/debhello/__main__.py (v=1.3) — command entry point.
$ cat debhello-1.3/src/debhello/__main__.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
from gi.repository import Gtk
class TopWindow(Gtk.Window):
def __init__(self):
Gtk.Window.__init__(self)
self.title = "Hello World!"
self.counter = 0
self.border_width = 10
self.set_default_size(400, 100)
self.set_position(Gtk.WindowPosition.CENTER)
self.button = Gtk.Button(label="Click me!")
self.button.connect("clicked", self.on_button_clicked)
self.add(self.button)
self.connect("delete-event", self.on_window_destroy)
def on_window_destroy(self, *args):
Gtk.main_quit(*args)
def on_button_clicked(self, widget):
self.counter += 1
widget.set_label("Hello, World!\nClick count = %i" % self.counter)
def main():
window = TopWindow()
window.show_all()
Gtk.main()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
让我们使用 debmake 命令来打包。这里使用 -b':py3' 选项来指明生成的二进制包包含 Python3 脚本和模块文件。
$ cd debhello-1.3 $ debmake -b':py3' -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu Aoki' I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.3", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.3". *** I: provide debhello_1.3.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.3.tar.gz debhello_1.3.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.3" I: parse binary package settings: :py3 I: binary package=debhello Type=python3 / Arch=all M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree W: unknown python version. check setup.py. I: build_type = I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions ...
其余的步骤与 Section 8.4, “setup.py（Python3，命令行界面）” 中的基本一致。
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/rules（维护者版本，v=1.3）：.
$ vim debhello-1.3/debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.3/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export PYBUILD_NAME=debhello
export PYBUILD_VERBOSE=1
export DH_VERBOSE=1
%:
dh $@ --with python3 --buildsystem=pybuild
debian/control（维护者版本，v=1.3）：.
$ vim debhello-1.3/debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.3/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13), dh-python, python3-all
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: gir1.2-gtk-3.0, python3-gi, ${misc:Depends}, ${python3:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
请注意，此处需要手动添加 python3-gi 和 gir1.2-gtk-3.0 依赖。
其余的打包工作与 Section 8.4, “setup.py（Python3，命令行界面）” 中的几乎完全一致。
此处是 debhello_1.3-1_all.deb 的依赖项列表。
debhello_1.3-1_all.deb 的依赖项列表：.
$ dpkg -f debhello_1.3-1_all.deb pre-depends depends recommends conflicts br... Depends: gir1.2-gtk-3.0, python3-gi, python3:any
这里给出了从简单的 C 语言源代码创建简单的 Debian 软件包的例子，并假设上游使用了 Makefile 作为构建系统。
此处的上游源代码是 Chapter 4, 简单例子 中的源代码的增强版本。它带有手册页、桌面文件和桌面图标。并且为了更加贴合实际，它还有一个外部库文件 libm。
让我们假设上游源码包为 debhello-1.4.tar.gz。
这一类源代码设计可以用这样的方式安装成为非系统文件：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.4.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.4 $ make $ make install
Debian 的打包需要对“make install”流程进行改变，从而将文件安装至系统镜像所在位置，而非通常使用的 /usr/local 下的位置。
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-1.4.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.4.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.4.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.4 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── config.h │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.4.tar.gz 4 directories, 8 files
此处的源码如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=1.4）：.
$ cat debhello-1.4/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
return 0;
}
src/config.h（v=1.4）：.
$ cat debhello-1.4/src/config.h #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki"
Makefile（v=1.4）：.
$ cat debhello-1.4/Makefile
prefix = /usr/local
all: src/hello
src/hello: src/hello.c
$(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $^ -lm
install: src/hello
install -D src/hello \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
clean:
-rm -f src/hello
distclean: clean
uninstall:
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
.PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall
请注意，此 Makefile 含有正确的手册页、桌面文件、桌面图标的 install 对象。
让我们使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd debhello-1.4 $ debmake -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu Aoki' I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.4", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.4". *** I: provide debhello_1.4.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.4.tar.gz debhello_1.4.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.4" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = make I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 40 %, ext = c ...
其余的工作与 Section 4.6, “第二步：使用 debmake 产生模板文件” 中的几乎一致。
像 Section 4.7, “第三步：编辑模板文件” 中所写的一样，让我们这些维护者来把这个 Debian 软件包做的更好。
如果环境变量 DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS 没有在 debian/rules 文件中进行导出，lintian 会在链接 libm 时抛出警告：“W: debhello: hardening-no-relro usr/bin/hello”。
debian/control 文件与 Section 4.7, “第三步：编辑模板文件” 中的完全一致，因为 libm 库是 libc6 库的一部分，所以它总是可获得的（优先级：必需 / Priority: required）。
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
debian/ 目录下的模板文件。（v=1.4）：.
$ tree debhello-1.4/debian debhello-1.4/debian ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── patches │ └── series ├── rules ├── source │ ├── control │ ├── format │ ├── local-options │ ├── options │ └── patch-header ├── tests │ └── control ├── upstream │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 14 files
其余的打包步骤与 Section 4.8, “第四步：使用 debuild 构建软件包” 中的基本一致。
此处是生成的二进制包的依赖项列表。
生成的二进制包的依赖项列表（v=1.4）：.
$ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_1.4-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends con... Depends: debhello (= 1.4-1) $ dpkg -f debhello_1.4-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends conflicts ... Depends: libc6 (>= 2.3.4)
这里给出了从简单的 C 语言源代码创建简单的 Debian 软件包的例子，并假设上游使用了 Makefile.in 和 configure 作为构建系统。
此处的源码示例是 Section 8.7, “Makefile（单个二进制软件包）” 中的源代码的增强版本。它也有一个外部链接库 libm，并且它的源代码可以使用 configure 脚本进行配置，然后生成相应的 Makefile、src/config.h 文件。
让我们假设上游源码包为 debhello-1.5.tar.gz。
此类型的源码旨在作为非系统文件安装，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.5.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.5 $ ./configure --with-math $ make $ make install
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-1.5.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.5.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.5.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.5 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.in │ ├── configure │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.5.tar.gz 4 directories, 8 files
此处的源码如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=1.5）：.
$ cat debhello-1.5/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#ifdef WITH_MATH
# include <math.h>
#endif
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
#ifdef WITH_MATH
printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
#else
printf("I can't do MATH!\n");
#endif
return 0;
}
Makefile.in（v=1.5）：.
$ cat debhello-1.5/Makefile.in
prefix = @prefix@
all: src/hello
src/hello: src/hello.c
$(CC) @VERBOSE@ \
$(CPPFLAGS) \
$(CFLAGS) \
$(LDFLAGS) \
-o $@ $^ \
@LINKLIB@
install: src/hello
install -D src/hello \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
install -m 644 -D data/hello.desktop \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
install -m 644 -D data/hello.png \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
install -m 644 -D man/hello.1 \
$(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
clean:
-rm -f src/hello
distclean: clean
uninstall:
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/bin/hello
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/applications/hello.desktop
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/pixmaps/hello.png
-rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/share/man/man1/hello.1
.PHONY: all install clean distclean uninstall
configure（v=1.5）：.
$ cat debhello-1.5/configure
#!/bin/sh -e
# default values
PREFIX="/usr/local"
VERBOSE=""
WITH_MATH="0"
LINKLIB=""
PACKAGE_AUTHOR="John Doe"
# parse arguments
while [ "${1}" != "" ]; do
VAR="${1%=*}" # Drop suffix =*
VAL="${1#*=}" # Drop prefix *=
case "${VAR}" in
--prefix)
PREFIX="${VAL}"
;;
--verbose|-v)
VERBOSE="-v"
;;
--with-math)
WITH_MATH="1"
LINKLIB="-lm"
;;
--author)
PACKAGE_AUTHOR="${VAL}"
;;
*)
echo "W: Unknown argument: ${1}"
esac
shift
done
# setup configured Makefile and src/config.h
sed -e "s,@prefix@,${PREFIX}," \
-e "s,@VERBOSE@,${VERBOSE}," \
-e "s,@LINKLIB@,${LINKLIB}," \
<Makefile.in >Makefile
if [ "${WITH_MATH}" = 1 ]; then
echo "#define WITH_MATH" >src/config.h
else
echo "/* not defined: WITH_MATH */" >src/config.h
fi
echo "#define PACKAGE_AUTHOR \"${PACKAGE_AUTHOR}\"" >>src/config.h
请注意，configure 命令替换 Makefile.in 文件中的 @…@ 字符串以生成 Makefile 与 src/config.h。
让我们使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd debhello-1.5 $ debmake -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu Aoki' I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.5", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.5". *** I: provide debhello_1.5.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.5.tar.gz debhello_1.5.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.5" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = configure I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 20 %, ext = in ...
结果与 Section 4.6, “第二步：使用 debmake 产生模板文件” 中的相似，但是并不完全一致。
让我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
debian/rules（模板文件，v=1.5）：.
$ cat debhello-1.5/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/rules（维护者版本，v=1.5）：.
$ vim debhello-1.5/debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.5/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@
override_dh_auto_configure:
dh_auto_configure -- \
--with-math \
--author="Osamu Aoki"
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
其余的打包步骤与 Section 4.8, “第四步：使用 debuild 构建软件包” 中的基本一致。
这里给出了从简单的 C 语言源代码创建简单的 Debian 软件包的例子，并假设上游使用了 Autotools = Autoconf （Makefile.am 和 configure.ac） 作为构建系统。参见 Section 5.18.1, “Autotools”。
此种源码通常也带有上游自动生成的 Makefile.in 和 configure 文件。在 autotools-dev 软件包的帮助下，我们可以按 Section 8.8, “Makefile.in + configure（单个二进制软件包）” 中所介绍的，使用这些文件进行打包。
更好的做法是，如果上游提供的 Makefile.am 和 configure.ac 兼容最新版本，我们可以使用最新的 Autoconf 和 Automake 软件包重新生成这些（Makefile 和 configure）文件。这么做有利于移植到新的 CPU 架构上等优势。此项工作可以使用带有 “--with autoreconf” 选项的 dh 命令来自动化。
让我们假设上游的源码包为 debhello-1.6.tar.gz。
此类型的源码旨在作为非系统文件安装，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.6.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.6 $ autoreconf -ivf # optional $ ./configure --with-math $ make $ make install
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-1.6.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.6.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.6.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.6 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.am │ ├── configure.ac │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── Makefile.am │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.6.tar.gz 4 directories, 10 files
此处的源码如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=1.6）：.
$ cat debhello-1.6/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#ifdef WITH_MATH
# include <math.h>
#endif
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
#ifdef WITH_MATH
printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
#else
printf("I can't do MATH!\n");
#endif
return 0;
}
Makefile.am（v=1.6）：.
$ cat debhello-1.6/Makefile.am SUBDIRS = src man $ cat debhello-1.6/man/Makefile.am dist_man_MANS = hello.1 $ cat debhello-1.6/src/Makefile.am bin_PROGRAMS = hello hello_SOURCES = hello.c
configure.ac（v=1.6）：.
$ cat debhello-1.6/configure.ac
# -*- Autoconf -*-
# Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
AC_PREREQ([2.69])
AC_INIT([debhello],[2.1],[foo@example.org])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c])
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
echo "Standard customization chores"
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])
# Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment
AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR])
echo "Add --with-math option functionality to ./configure"
AC_ARG_WITH([math],
[AS_HELP_STRING([--with-math],
[compile with math library @<:@default=yes@:>@])],
[],
[with_math="yes"]
)
echo "==== withval := \"$withval\""
echo "==== with_math := \"$with_math\""
# m4sh if-else construct
AS_IF([test "x$with_math" != "xno"],[
echo "==== Check include: math.h"
AC_CHECK_HEADER(math.h,[],[
AC_MSG_ERROR([Couldn't find math.h.] )
])
echo "==== Check library: libm"
AC_SEARCH_LIBS(atan, [m])
#AC_CHECK_LIB(m, atan)
echo "==== Build with LIBS := \"$LIBS\""
AC_DEFINE(WITH_MATH, [1], [Build with the math library])
],[
echo "==== Skip building with math.h."
AH_TEMPLATE(WITH_MATH, [Build without the math library])
])
# Checks for programs.
AC_PROG_CC
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
man/Makefile
src/Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
|
|
Tip |
|---|---|
|
如果没有像上述例子中，在 AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE() 中指定严格级别（strictness level）为 “foreign”，那么 automake 会默认严格级别为 “gnu”，并需要在顶级目录中有若干文件。参见 automake 文档的 “3.2 Strictness”。 |
让我们使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd debhello-1.6 $ debmake -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu Aoki' I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.6", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.6". *** I: provide debhello_1.6.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.6.tar.gz debhello_1.6.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.6" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Autotools with autoreconf I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 38 %, ext = am ...
结果与 Section 8.8, “Makefile.in + configure（单个二进制软件包）” 中的类似，但是并不完全一致。
让我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
debian/rules（模板文件，v=1.6）:
$ cat debhello-1.6/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@ --with autoreconf
#override_dh_install:
# dh_install --list-missing -X.la -X.pyc -X.pyo
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/rules（维护者版本，v=1.6）：.
$ vim debhello-1.6/debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.6/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@ --with autoreconf
override_dh_auto_configure:
dh_auto_configure -- \
--with-math
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
其余的打包步骤与 Section 4.8, “第四步：使用 debuild 构建软件包” 中的基本一致。
此处是一个从简单的 C 语言源码程序生成简单的 Debian 软件包的示例，我们假设上游使用 CMake（CMakeLists.txt 和若干形似 config.h.in 的文件）作为构建系统。参见 Section 5.18.2, “CMake”。
cmake 命令根据 CMakeLists.txt 文件和它的 -D 选项来生成 Makefile 文件。此外，它还会根据 configure_file(…) 中指定的条目来替换带有 @…@ 的字符串、更改 #cmakedefine …。
让我们假设上游的源码包为 debhello-1.7.tar.gz。
此类型的源码旨在作为非系统文件安装，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-1.7.tar.gz $ cd debhello-1.7 $ mkdir obj-x86_64-linux-gnu # for out-of-tree build $ cd obj-x86_64-linux-gnu $ cmake .. $ make $ make install
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-1.7.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-1.7.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-1.7.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-1.7 │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── man │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── config.h.in │ └── hello.c └── debhello-1.7.tar.gz 4 directories, 10 files
此处的源码如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=1.7）：.
$ cat debhello-1.7/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#ifdef WITH_MATH
# include <math.h>
#endif
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
#ifdef WITH_MATH
printf("4.0 * atan(1.0) = %10f8\n", 4.0*atan(1.0));
#else
printf("I can't do MATH!\n");
#endif
return 0;
}
src/config.h.in（v=1.7）：.
$ cat debhello-1.7/src/config.h.in /* name of the package author */ #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "@PACKAGE_AUTHOR@" /* math library support */ #cmakedefine WITH_MATH
CMakeLists.txt（v=1.7）：.
$ cat debhello-1.7/CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project(debhello)
set(PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki")
add_subdirectory(src)
add_subdirectory(man)
$ cat debhello-1.7/man/CMakeLists.txt
install(
FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hello.1
DESTINATION share/man/man1
)
$ cat debhello-1.7/src/CMakeLists.txt
# Always define HAVE_CONFIG_H
add_definitions(-DHAVE_CONFIG_H)
# Interactively define WITH_MATH
option(WITH_MATH "Build with math support" OFF)
#variable_watch(WITH_MATH)
# Generate config.h from config.h.in
configure_file(
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.h.in"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.h"
)
include_directories("${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")
add_executable(hello hello.c)
install(TARGETS hello
RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
)
让我们使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd debhello-1.7 $ debmake -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu Aoki' I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="1.7", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-1.7". *** I: provide debhello_1.7.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-1.7.tar.gz debhello_1.7.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-1.7" I: parse binary package settings: I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Cmake I: scan source for copyright+license text and file extensions I: 38 %, ext = text ...
结果与 Section 8.8, “Makefile.in + configure（单个二进制软件包）” 中的类似，但是并不完全一致。
让我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
debian/rules（模板文件，v=1.7）：.
$ cat debhello-1.7/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@
#override_dh_auto_configure:
# dh_auto_configure -- \
# -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH)"
debian/control（模板文件，v=1.7）：.
$ cat debhello-1.7/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: unknown
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: cmake, debhelper-compat (= 13)
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: <insert the upstream URL, if relevant>
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends}
Description: auto-generated package by debmake
This Debian binary package was auto-generated by the
debmake(1) command provided by the debmake package.
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/rules（维护者版本，v=1.7）：.
$ vim debhello-1.7/debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.7/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@
override_dh_auto_configure:
dh_auto_configure -- -DWITH-MATH=1
debian/control（维护者版本，v=1.7）：.
$ vim debhello-1.7/debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-1.7/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: cmake, debhelper-compat (= 13)
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
其余的打包工作与 Section 8.8, “Makefile.in + configure（单个二进制软件包）” 中的近乎一致。
此处是从一个简单的 C 语言源码程序创建一个包含可执行软件包、共享库包、开发文件包和调试符号包的一系列 Debian 二进制包的示例，我们假设上游使用 Autotools = Autoconf 和 Automake （使用 Makefile.am 和 configure.ac 作为输入文件）作为构建系统。参见 Section 5.18.1, “Autotools”。
让我们用与 Section 8.9, “Autotools（单个二进制文件）” 中的相同的方式打包。
让我们假设上游源码包为 debhello-2.0.tar.gz。
此类型的源码旨在作为非系统文件安装，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-2.0.tar.gz $ cd debhello-2.0 $ autoreconf -ivf # optional $ ./configure --with-math $ make $ make install
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-2.0.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.0.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-2.0.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-2.0 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.am │ ├── configure.ac │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── lib │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ ├── sharedlib.c │ │ └── sharedlib.h │ ├── man │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── Makefile.am │ └── hello.c └── debhello-2.0.tar.gz 5 directories, 13 files
此处的源码如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=2.0）：.
$ cat debhello-2.0/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sharedlib.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
sharedlib();
return 0;
}
lib/sharedlib.h 与 lib/sharedlib.c（v=1.6）：.
$ cat debhello-2.0/lib/sharedlib.h
int sharedlib();
$ cat debhello-2.0/lib/sharedlib.c
#include <stdio.h>
int
sharedlib()
{
printf("This is a shared library!\n");
return 0;
}
Makefile.am（v=2.0）：.
$ cat debhello-2.0/Makefile.am # recursively process `Makefile.am` in SUBDIRS SUBDIRS = lib src man $ cat debhello-2.0/man/Makefile.am # manpages (distributed in the source package) dist_man_MANS = hello.1 $ cat debhello-2.0/lib/Makefile.am # libtool librares to be produced lib_LTLIBRARIES = libsharedlib.la # source files used for lib_LTLIBRARIES libsharedlib_la_SOURCES = sharedlib.c # C pre-processor flags used for lib_LTLIBRARIES #libsharedlib_la_CPPFLAGS = # Headers files to be installed in <prefix>/include include_HEADERS = sharedlib.h # Versioning Libtool Libraries with version triplets libsharedlib_la_LDFLAGS = -version-info 1:0:0 $ cat debhello-2.0/src/Makefile.am # program executables to be produced bin_PROGRAMS = hello # source files used for bin_PROGRAMS hello_SOURCES = hello.c # C pre-processor flags used for bin_PROGRAMS AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(srcdir) -I$(top_srcdir)/lib # Extra options for the linker for hello # hello_LDFLAGS = # Libraries the `hello` binary to be linked hello_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/lib/libsharedlib.la
configure.ac（v=2.0）：.
$ cat debhello-2.0/configure.ac
# -*- Autoconf -*-
# Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
AC_PREREQ([2.69])
AC_INIT([debhello],[2.2],[foo@example.org])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c])
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
echo "Standard customization chores"
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])
# Set default to --enable-shared --disable-static
LT_INIT([shared disable-static])
# find the libltdl sources in the libltdl sub-directory
LT_CONFIG_LTDL_DIR([libltdl])
# choose one
LTDL_INIT([recursive])
#LTDL_INIT([subproject])
#LTDL_INIT([nonrecursive])
# Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment
AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR])
# Checks for programs.
AC_PROG_CC
# only for the recursive case
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
lib/Makefile
man/Makefile
src/Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
让我们用 debmake 命令将这些打包到多个包中：
此处的 -b',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' 选项是用以指明生成的二进制包。
$ cd debhello-2.0 $ debmake -b',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu ... I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="2.0", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-2.0". *** I: provide debhello_2.0.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-2.0.tar.gz debhello_2.0.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-2.0" I: parse binary package settings: ,libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: binary package=libsharedlib1 Type=lib / Arch=any M-A=same I: binary package=libsharedlib-dev Type=dev / Arch=any M-A=same I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Autotools with autoreconf ...
结果与 Section 8.8, “Makefile.in + configure（单个二进制软件包）” 中的相似，但是这个具有更多的模板文件。
让我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
debian/rules（模板文件，v=2.0）：.
$ cat debhello-2.0/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@ --with autoreconf
#override_dh_install:
# dh_install --list-missing -X.la -X.pyc -X.pyo
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/rules（维护者版本，v=2.0）：.
$ vim debhello-2.0/debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-2.0/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@ --with autoreconf
override_dh_missing:
dh_missing -X.la
debian/control（维护者版本，v=2.0）：.
$ vim debhello-2.0/debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-2.0/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: debhelper-compat (= 13), dh-autoreconf
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
${misc:Depends},
${shlibs:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the compiled binary executable.
.
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
Package: libsharedlib1
Section: libs
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: same
Pre-Depends: ${misc:Pre-Depends}
Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the shared library.
Package: libsharedlib-dev
Section: libdevel
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: same
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}), ${misc:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the development files.
debian/*.install（维护者版本，v=2.0）：.
$ vim debhello-2.0/debian/debhello.install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-2.0/debian/debhello.install usr/bin/* usr/share/* $ vim debhello-2.0/debian/libsharedlib1.install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-2.0/debian/libsharedlib1.install usr/lib/*/*.so.* $ vim debhello-2.0/debian/libsharedlib-dev.install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-2.0/debian/libsharedlib-dev.install ###usr/lib/*/pkgconfig/*.pc usr/include usr/lib/*/*.so
因为上游源码已经具有正确的自动生成的 Makefile 文件，所以没有必要再去创建 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 文件。
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
debian/ 目录下的模板文件。（v=2.0）：.
$ tree debhello-2.0/debian debhello-2.0/debian ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── debhello.install ├── libsharedlib-dev.install ├── libsharedlib1.install ├── libsharedlib1.symbols ├── patches │ └── series ├── rules ├── source │ ├── control │ ├── format │ ├── local-options │ ├── options │ └── patch-header ├── tests │ └── control ├── upstream │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 18 files
其余的打包工作与 Section 8.8, “Makefile.in + configure（单个二进制软件包）” 中的近乎一致。
此处是生成的二进制包的依赖项列表。
生成的二进制包的依赖项列表（v=2.0）：.
$ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends con... Depends: debhello (= 2.0-1) $ dpkg -f debhello_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends conflicts ... Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1), libc6 (>= 2.2.5) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib-dev_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends co... Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1-dbgsym_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommend... Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.0-1) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1_2.0-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends confl... Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5)
此处是从一个简单的 C 语言源码程序创建一系列包含可执行软件包、共享库包、开发文件包和调试符号包的 Debian 二进制包的示例，我们假设上游使用 CMake（CMakeLists.txt 和其他形如 config.h.in 的文件）作为构建系统。参见 Section 5.18.2, “CMake”。
让我们假设上游源码包为 debhello-2.1.tar.gz。
此类型的源码旨在作为非系统文件安装，例如：
$ tar -xzmf debhello-2.1.tar.gz $ cd debhello-2.1 $ mkdir obj-x86_64-linux-gnu $ cd obj-x86_64-linux-gnu $ cmake .. $ make $ make install
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-2.1.tar.gz.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.1.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-2.1.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-2.1 │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── lib │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ ├── sharedlib.c │ │ └── sharedlib.h │ ├── man │ │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── CMakeLists.txt │ ├── config.h.in │ └── hello.c └── debhello-2.1.tar.gz 5 directories, 13 files
此处的源码如下所示。
src/hello.c（v=2.1）：.
$ cat debhello-2.1/src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sharedlib.h>
int
main()
{
printf("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n");
sharedlib();
return 0;
}
src/config.h.in（v=2.1）：.
$ cat debhello-2.1/src/config.h.in /* name of the package author */ #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR "@PACKAGE_AUTHOR@"
lib/sharedlib.c 与 lib/sharedlib.h（v=2.1）：.
$ cat debhello-2.1/lib/sharedlib.h
int sharedlib();
$ cat debhello-2.1/lib/sharedlib.c
#include <stdio.h>
int
sharedlib()
{
printf("This is a shared library!\n");
return 0;
}
CMakeLists.txt（v=2.1）：.
$ cat debhello-2.1/CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
project(debhello)
set(PACKAGE_AUTHOR "Osamu Aoki")
add_subdirectory(lib)
add_subdirectory(src)
add_subdirectory(man)
$ cat debhello-2.1/man/CMakeLists.txt
install(
FILES ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/hello.1
DESTINATION share/man/man1
)
$ cat debhello-2.1/src/CMakeLists.txt
# Always define HAVE_CONFIG_H
add_definitions(-DHAVE_CONFIG_H)
# Generate config.h from config.h.in
configure_file(
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/config.h.in"
"${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/config.h"
)
include_directories("${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}")
include_directories("${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/lib")
add_executable(hello hello.c)
target_link_libraries(hello sharedlib)
install(TARGETS hello
RUNTIME DESTINATION bin
)
让我们使用 debmake 命令打包。
$ cd debhello-2.1 $ debmake -b',libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev' -e osamu@debian.org -f 'Osamu ... I: set parameters ... I: sanity check of parameters I: pkg="debhello", ver="2.1", rev="1" I: *** start packaging in "debhello-2.1". *** I: provide debhello_2.1.orig.tar.gz for non-native Debian package I: pwd = "/path/to" I: $ ln -sf debhello-2.1.tar.gz debhello_2.1.orig.tar.gz I: pwd = "/path/to/debhello-2.1" I: parse binary package settings: ,libsharedlib1,libsharedlib-dev I: binary package=debhello Type=bin / Arch=any M-A=foreign I: binary package=libsharedlib1 Type=lib / Arch=any M-A=same I: binary package=libsharedlib-dev Type=dev / Arch=any M-A=same I: analyze the source tree I: build_type = Cmake ...
结果与 Section 8.8, “Makefile.in + configure（单个二进制软件包）” 中的类似，但是并不完全一致。
让我们来检查一下自动产生的模板文件。
debian/rules（模板文件，v=2.1）：.
$ cat debhello-2.1/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
# You must remove unused comment lines for the released package.
#export DH_VERBOSE = 1
#export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
#export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
#export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
%:
dh $@
#override_dh_auto_configure:
# dh_auto_configure -- \
# -DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_TARGET_MULTIARCH)"
作为维护者，我们要把这个 Debian 软件包做得更好。
debian/rules（维护者版本，v=2.1）：.
$ vim debhello-2.1/debian/rules
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-2.1/debian/rules
#!/usr/bin/make -f
export DH_VERBOSE = 1
export DEB_BUILD_MAINT_OPTIONS = hardening=+all
export DEB_CFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wall -pedantic
export DEB_LDFLAGS_MAINT_APPEND = -Wl,--as-needed
DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH ?= $(shell dpkg-architecture -qDEB_HOST_MULTIARCH)
%:
dh $@
override_dh_auto_configure:
dh_auto_configure -- \
-DCMAKE_LIBRARY_ARCHITECTURE="$(DEB_HOST_MULTIARCH)"
debian/control（维护者版本，v=2.1）：.
$ vim debhello-2.1/debian/control
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat debhello-2.1/debian/control
Source: debhello
Section: devel
Priority: optional
Maintainer: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>
Build-Depends: cmake, debhelper-compat (= 13)
Standards-Version: 4.5.1
Homepage: https://salsa.debian.org/debian/debmake-doc
Rules-Requires-Root: no
Package: debhello
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: foreign
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}),
${misc:Depends},
${shlibs:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the compiled binary executable.
.
This Debian binary package is an example package.
(This is an example only)
Package: libsharedlib1
Section: libs
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: same
Pre-Depends: ${misc:Pre-Depends}
Depends: ${misc:Depends}, ${shlibs:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the shared library.
Package: libsharedlib-dev
Section: libdevel
Architecture: any
Multi-Arch: same
Depends: libsharedlib1 (= ${binary:Version}), ${misc:Depends}
Description: Simple packaging example for debmake
This package contains the development files.
debian/*.install（维护者版本，v=2.1）：.
$ vim debhello-2.1/debian/debhello.install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-2.1/debian/debhello.install usr/bin/* usr/share/* $ vim debhello-2.1/debian/libsharedlib1.install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-2.1/debian/libsharedlib1.install usr/lib/*/*.so.* $ vim debhello-2.1/debian/libsharedlib-dev.install ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-2.1/debian/libsharedlib-dev.install ###usr/lib/*/pkgconfig/*.pc usr/include usr/lib/*/*.so
需要对上游的 CMakeList.txt 进行修补，以便应对多架构的路径。
debian/patches/*（维护者版本，v=2.1）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat debhello-2.1/debian/libsharedlib1.symbols libsharedlib.so.1 libsharedlib1 #MINVER# sharedlib@Base 2.1
因为上游源码已经具有正确的自动生成的 Makefile 文件，所以没有必要再去创建 debian/install 和 debian/manpages 文件。
在 debian/ 目录下还有一些其它的模板文件。它们也需要进行更新。
debian/ 目录下的模板文件。（v=2.1）：.
$ tree debhello-2.1/debian debhello-2.1/debian ├── README.Debian ├── changelog ├── control ├── copyright ├── debhello.install ├── libsharedlib-dev.install ├── libsharedlib1.install ├── libsharedlib1.symbols ├── patches │ ├── 000-cmake-multiarch.patch │ └── series ├── rules ├── source │ ├── control │ ├── format │ ├── local-options │ ├── options │ └── patch-header ├── tests │ └── control ├── upstream │ └── metadata └── watch 4 directories, 19 files
其余的打包工作与 Section 8.8, “Makefile.in + configure（单个二进制软件包）” 中的近乎一致。
此处是生成的二进制包的依赖项列表。
生成的二进制包的依赖项列表（v=2.1）：.
$ dpkg -f debhello-dbgsym_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends con... Depends: debhello (= 2.1-1) $ dpkg -f debhello_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends conflicts ... Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1), libc6 (>= 2.2.5) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib-dev_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends co... Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1-dbgsym_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommend... Depends: libsharedlib1 (= 2.1-1) $ dpkg -f libsharedlib1_2.1-1_amd64.deb pre-depends depends recommends confl... Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5)
此处是更新 Section 8.11, “Autotools（多个二进制软件包）” 中提供的简单上游 C 语言源代码 debhello-2.0.tar.gz 以便进行国际化（i18n）并创建更新后的上游 C 语言源代码 debhello-2.0.tar.gz 的示例。
在实际情况中，此软件包应该已被国际化过。所以此示例用作帮助您了解国际化的具体实现方法。
|
|
Tip |
|---|---|
|
负责维护国际化的维护者的日常活动就是将通过缺陷追踪系统（BTS）反馈给您的 po 翻译文件添加至 po/ 目录，然后更新 po/LINGUAS 文件的语言列表。 |
让我们取得源码并制作 Debian 软件包。
下载 debhello-2.0.tar.gz（国际化版）.
$ wget http://www.example.org/download/debhello-2.0.tar.gz ... $ tar -xzmf debhello-2.0.tar.gz $ tree . ├── debhello-2.0 │ ├── LICENSE │ ├── Makefile.am │ ├── configure.ac │ ├── data │ │ ├── hello.desktop │ │ └── hello.png │ ├── lib │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ ├── sharedlib.c │ │ └── sharedlib.h │ ├── man │ │ ├── Makefile.am │ │ └── hello.1 │ └── src │ ├── Makefile.am │ └── hello.c └── debhello-2.0.tar.gz 5 directories, 13 files
使用 gettextize 命令将此源代码树国际化，并删除由 Autotools 自动生成的文件。
运行 gettextize（国际化版）：.
$ cd debhello-2.0 $ gettextize Creating po/ subdirectory Creating build-aux/ subdirectory Copying file ABOUT-NLS Copying file build-aux/config.rpath Not copying intl/ directory. Copying file po/Makefile.in.in Copying file po/Makevars.template Copying file po/Rules-quot Copying file po/boldquot.sed Copying file po/en@boldquot.header Copying file po/en@quot.header Copying file po/insert-header.sin Copying file po/quot.sed Copying file po/remove-potcdate.sin Creating initial po/POTFILES.in Creating po/ChangeLog Creating directory m4 Copying file m4/gettext.m4 Copying file m4/iconv.m4 Copying file m4/lib-ld.m4 Copying file m4/lib-link.m4 Copying file m4/lib-prefix.m4 Copying file m4/nls.m4 Copying file m4/po.m4 Copying file m4/progtest.m4 Creating m4/ChangeLog Updating Makefile.am (backup is in Makefile.am~) Updating configure.ac (backup is in configure.ac~) Creating ChangeLog Please use AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external]) in order to cause autoconfiguration to look for an external libintl. Please create po/Makevars from the template in po/Makevars.template. You can then remove po/Makevars.template. Please fill po/POTFILES.in as described in the documentation. Please run 'aclocal' to regenerate the aclocal.m4 file. You need aclocal from GNU automake 1.9 (or newer) to do this. Then run 'autoconf' to regenerate the configure file. You will also need config.guess and config.sub, which you can get from the CV... of the 'config' project at http://savannah.gnu.org/. The commands to fetch th... are $ wget 'http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/conf... $ wget 'http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/*checkout*/config/config/conf... You might also want to copy the convenience header file gettext.h from the /usr/share/gettext directory into your package. It is a wrapper around <libintl.h> that implements the configure --disable-nl... option. Press Return to acknowledge the previous 6 paragraphs. $ rm -rf m4 build-aux *~
让我们确认一下 po/ 目录下生成的文件。
po 目录下的文件（国际化版）：.
$ ls -l po total 60 -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 494 Jul 2 16:28 ChangeLog -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 17577 Jul 2 16:28 Makefile.in.in -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 3376 Jul 2 16:28 Makevars.template -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 59 Jul 2 16:28 POTFILES.in -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 2203 Jul 2 16:28 Rules-quot -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 217 Jul 2 16:28 boldquot.sed -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 1337 Jul 2 16:28 en@boldquot.header -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 1203 Jul 2 16:28 en@quot.header -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 672 Jul 2 16:28 insert-header.sin -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 153 Jul 2 16:28 quot.sed -rw-rw-r-- 1 osamu osamu 432 Jul 2 16:28 remove-potcdate.sin
让我们在 configure.ac 文件中添加 “AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])” 等条目。
configure.ac（国际化版）：.
$ vim configure.ac
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat configure.ac
# -*- Autoconf -*-
# Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script.
AC_PREREQ([2.69])
AC_INIT([debhello],[2.2],[foo@example.org])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/hello.c])
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
echo "Standard customization chores"
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])
# Set default to --enable-shared --disable-static
LT_INIT([shared disable-static])
# find the libltdl sources in the libltdl sub-directory
LT_CONFIG_LTDL_DIR([libltdl])
# choose one
LTDL_INIT([recursive])
#LTDL_INIT([subproject])
#LTDL_INIT([nonrecursive])
# Add #define PACKAGE_AUTHOR ... in config.h with a comment
AC_DEFINE(PACKAGE_AUTHOR, ["Osamu Aoki"], [Define PACKAGE_AUTHOR])
# Checks for programs.
AC_PROG_CC
# desktop file support required
AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION([0.19.3])
AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external])
# only for the recursive case
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
po/Makefile.in
lib/Makefile
man/Makefile
src/Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
让我们从 po/Makevars.template 文件中创建 po/Makevars 文件。
po/Makevars（国际化版）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ diff -u po/Makevars.template po/Makevars --- po/Makevars.template 2021-07-02 16:28:02.711724581 +0900 +++ po/Makevars 2021-07-02 16:28:02.767725251 +0900 @@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ # or entity, or to disclaim their copyright. The empty string stands for # the public domain; in this case the translators are expected to disclaim # their copyright. -COPYRIGHT_HOLDER = Free Software Foundation, Inc. +COPYRIGHT_HOLDER = Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org> # This tells whether or not to prepend "GNU " prefix to the package # name that gets inserted into the header of the $(DOMAIN).pot file. # Possible values are "yes", "no", or empty. If it is empty, try to # detect it automatically by scanning the files in $(top_srcdir) for # "GNU packagename" string. -PACKAGE_GNU = +PACKAGE_GNU = no # This is the email address or URL to which the translators shall report # bugs in the untranslated strings: $ rm po/Makevars.template
让我们通过用 _(…) 包裹字符串的方式来更新国际化版本的 C 语言源代码。
src/hello.c （国际化版）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat src/hello.c
#include "config.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sharedlib.h>
#define _(string) gettext (string)
int
main()
{
printf(_("Hello, I am " PACKAGE_AUTHOR "!\n"));
sharedlib();
return 0;
}
lib/sharedlib.c（国际化版）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ...
$ cat lib/sharedlib.c
#include <stdio.h>
#define _(string) gettext (string)
int
sharedlib()
{
printf(_("This is a shared library!\n"));
return 0;
}
新版本的 gettext（v = 0.19）可以直接处理桌面文件的国际化版本。
data/hello.desktop.in（国际化版）：.
$ fgrep -v '[ja]=' data/hello.desktop > data/hello.desktop.in $ rm data/hello.desktop $ cat data/hello.desktop.in [Desktop Entry] Name=Hello Comment=Greetings Type=Application Keywords=hello Exec=hello Terminal=true Icon=hello.png Categories=Utility;
让我们列出输入文件，以便在 po/POTFILES.in 中提取可翻译的字符串。
po/POTFILES.in（国际化版）：.
... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat po/POTFILES.in src/hello.c lib/sharedlib.c data/hello.desktop.in
此处是在 SUBDIRS 环境变量中添加 po 目录后更新过的根 Makefile.am 文件。
Makefile.am （国际化版）：.
$ cat Makefile.am # recursively process `Makefile.am` in SUBDIRS SUBDIRS = po lib src man ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 EXTRA_DIST = build-aux/config.rpath m4/ChangeLog
让我们创建一个翻译模板文件 debhello.pot。
po/debhello.pot（国际化版）：.
$ xgettext -f po/POTFILES.in -d debhello -o po/debhello.pot -k_ $ cat po/debhello.pot # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # Copyright (C) YEAR THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2021-07-02 16:28+0900\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #: src/hello.c:8 #, c-format msgid "Hello, I am " msgstr "" #: lib/sharedlib.c:6 #, c-format msgid "This is a shared library!\n" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:3 msgid "Hello" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:4 msgid "Greetings" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:6 msgid "hello" msgstr ""
让我们添加法语的翻译。
po/LINGUAS 与 po/fr.po（国际化版）：.
$ echo 'fr' > po/LINGUAS $ cp po/debhello.pot po/fr.po $ vim po/fr.po ... hack, hack, hack, ... $ cat po/fr.po # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE. # This file is put in the public domain. # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. # msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: debhello 2.2\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: foo@example.org\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2015-03-01 20:22+0900\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2015-02-21 23:18+0900\n" "Last-Translator: Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>\n" "Language-Team: French <LL@li.org>\n" "Language: ja\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #: src/hello.c:34 #, c-format msgid "Hello, my name is %s!\n" msgstr "Bonjour, je m'appelle %s!\n" #: lib/sharedlib.c:29 #, c-format msgid "This is a shared library!\n" msgstr "Ceci est une bibliothèque partagée!\n" #: data/hello.desktop.in:3 msgid "Hello" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:4 msgid "Greetings" msgstr "Salutations" #: data/hello.desktop.in:6 msgid "hello" msgstr "" #: data/hello.desktop.in:9 msgid "hello.png" msgstr ""
打包工作与 Section 8.11, “Autotools（多个二进制软件包）” 中的近乎一致。
You can find more i18n examples by following Section 8.14, “细节”.
所示示例的实际细节及其变体可通过以下方式获得。
如何取得细节.
$ apt-get source debmake-doc $ cd debmake-doc* $ cd examples $ view examples/README.md
Follow the exact instruction in examples/README.md.
$ cd examples $ sudo apt-get install devscripts build-essentials ... $ make
Now, each directory named as
examples/debhello-?.?_build-? contains the Debian
packaging example.
Notable examples are:
[23] If the source package is lacks setup.py but still based on setuptools, you need to add a boiler plate setup.py. If the source package is based on other build systems such as flit, you need to use respective plugins.
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| Chapter 7. 提示 |
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Appendix A. debmake(1) 手册页 |